Generative Artificial Intelligence in Classroom Learning: Opportunities, Challenges, and Pedagogical Implications – A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

The rapid advancement of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has transformed educational practices by enabling personalized learning, adaptive assessment, and enhanced student engagement. Despite its growing adoption, the pedagogical implications, implementation readiness, and ethical challenges associated with GenAI remain fragmented across studies. This study aims to systematically synthesize recent research on the integration of GenAI in education and to identify key pedagogical opportunities, challenges, and implementation strategies. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Articles were retrieved from Scopus, ERIC, and Web of Science databases using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty-five peer-reviewed articles published between 2022 and 2026 were selected and analyzed through thematic synthesis. The findings revealed five major themes: (1) personalized learning and adaptive instruction, (2) formative assessment and feedback enhancement, (3) development of 21st-century competencies, (4) teacher readiness and professional development, and (5) ethical governance and responsible AI use. The review indicates that GenAI can significantly improve learning effectiveness, student autonomy, and instructional efficiency when integrated with sound pedagogical principles. However, challenges related to AI literacy, infrastructure, data privacy, algorithmic bias, and academic integrity continue to hinder effective implementation. Based on the synthesis, this study proposes a Pedagogical GenAI Readiness Framework that emphasizes institutional support, teacher preparedness, pedagogical integration, and ethical governance as critical factors for successful adoption. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on AI-enhanced education and provide practical guidance for educators, policymakers, and educational institutions seeking to implement GenAI in a responsible and sustainable manner.