Distribution Pattern Analysis of the Prevalence of Food Inadequacy Across Regencies/Municipalities in Indonesia in 2025

Abstract

ABSTRACT Food insecurity remains a major development issue in Indonesia due to persistent disparities in food access and distribution across regions. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of the prevalence of food inadequacy across 514 regencies and municipalities in Indonesia in 2025. The study employed a quantitative spatial approach using secondary data obtained from official government institutions. Spatial analysis was conducted using GeoDa software through thematic mapping, Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation analysis, and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). The results show that the prevalence of food inadequacy in Indonesia exhibits a strong positive spatial autocorrelation with a Moran’s I value of 0.804, indicating that regions with high prevalence tend to cluster with neighboring high-prevalence regions, while low-prevalence regions tend to cluster with other low-prevalence regions. High-High clusters were predominantly identified in Eastern Indonesia, particularly in Papua, Maluku, North Maluku, and East Nusa Tenggara, whereas Low-Low clusters were concentrated in Java and Bali. The findings indicate that food inadequacy in Indonesia is strongly influenced by geographical conditions, regional accessibility, infrastructure disparities, and socio-economic inequality. Regions with limited accessibility and weak infrastructure tend to experience higher food inadequacy prevalence and form significant spatial hotspots. In contrast, economically developed regions with better infrastructure and stronger market access demonstrate relatively lower prevalence levels. This study concludes that food inadequacy in Indonesia forms a significant clustered spatial pattern rather than occurring randomly. Therefore, food security policies should adopt a spatially integrated and region-based approach through improving regional connectivity, strengthening food distribution systems, and reducing interregional development disparities to achieve more effective and targeted food security interventions.