Poverty and Gender Inequality on GRDP per Capita in Indonesia: A Path Analysis
Authors
-
Diana Berliyani
Universitas Lampung, Indonesia
-
Marselina Marselina
Universitas Lampung, Indonesia
-
Arivina Ratih Yulihar Taher
Universitas Lampung, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61650/rjme.v3i1.834Keywords:
Poverty, Gender Inequality, GRDP Per Capita, Path AnalysisAbstract
This study investigates the impact of poverty and the Gender Inequality Index (GII) on Indonesia’s Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita across 34 provinces using secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) for the years 2021–2023. Employing path analysis, the study examines both the direct and indirect effects of poverty and gender inequality on regional economic performance. The findings reveal that the poverty rate significantly negatively affects GRDP per capita, with a path coefficient of -0.305, indicating that higher poverty levels are associated with lower economic output per person. Furthermore, the GII significantly affects poverty (coefficient = 0.244), suggesting that increased gender inequality contributes to worsening poverty. Additionally, GII directly negatively affects GRDP per capita (coefficient = -0.269), implying that regions with greater gender disparities tend to have lower economic performance. The study also confirms an indirect effect, where gender inequality exacerbates poverty, depressing economic productivity and growth. These findings underscore the importance of integrating gender equality into economic development strategies. To achieve inclusive and sustainable economic growth, policies must reduce gender-based barriers in education, employment, and healthcare, empowering women to contribute fully to economic development and poverty reduction.
Downloads
References
Atake, E.-H., Dandonougbo, Y., Litaaba-Akila, D., Kouevidjin, D., & Sika Limazie, M. (2020). Agricultural investments, labor productivity, and rural poverty reduction: gender disparities in Togo. Undefined. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85217679891&partnerID=40&md5=1fe7f83e2fb3dcdf9240a58886c1791b
Atmadja, S., Liswanti, N., Tamara, A., Lestari, H., & Djoudi, H. (2020). Leveraging climate finance for gender equality and poverty reduction: A comparative study. Center for International Forestry Research Cifor. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85214713192&partnerID=40&md5=052de70dbf9df65b7634e7afd5d11b58
Bastola, A. (2020). Gender and energy poverty in the Hindu Kush Himalayas. Third Pole. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183685326&partnerID=40&md5=2951dc9b8ac9094fd3820aab09ec71e5
Blake, S., & Ngo, T. (2020). Rapid review of community engagement and social mobilization strategies for COVID-19 response: study description. Poverty Gender Youth. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123322439&partnerID=40&md5=d36ca4c3ab08e371d98c8650d9f645f8
Budiarti, E., Darmayanti, R., & Karim, S. (2025). Smart Assessment for A Sustainable Future: Pengembangan Teknologi Berkelanjutan Dalam Pembelajaran Interaktif Sekolah Menengah Menuju Sdgs. Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 6(1), 1–14.
Bustomi, A. A., Khosiah, N., & Fathurrohman, A. (2025). Developing pancasila learning strategies through culture-based interactive media in elementary schools. Assyfa Learning Journal, 3(1), 43–56.
Chen, L. Q. (2020). Gender Differences in Rural Household Poverty and the Multidimensional Poverty Index: An Analysis Based on the Data Collected from Limushan Town in Hainan Province. J Nanjing Normal Univ Sci Ed, 2, 107–115. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130683730&partnerID=40&md5=33bdfdddffcecc022348100c85a88b14
da Silva Santiago, P. V, Darmayanti, R., & Sugianto, R. (2023). Conquering IMO Problems in Brazil by Recognizing the Didactic Situation, Mathematics Teachers Must Know! Assyfa Learning Journal, 1(2), 73–88.
Etim, A. S. (2020). The ICT convergence and impact on women-owned micro and small business enterprises: An analysis based on information poverty. International Journal of Gender Studies in Developing Societies, 3(3), 271–292. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116946875&partnerID=40&md5=6fbf36241687e119930b05e48b496ec2
Fragoso, K., & Sanglard, N. (2020). A new virus an old problem: Why lessons from poverty and gender inequality in Brazil matter. Justice Everywhere 1 May. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184554021&partnerID=40&md5=3aafacfeade20aa85d3de4e86b372818
Ghofururrohim, A., Karim, A., Mukaromah, N., Romly, A. W., & Jaenullah, J. (2024). The Position of Humans in Islamic Educational Philosophy. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2, 131–140.
Ikhwannudin, M., Mispani, M., & Yusuf, M. (2023). Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Islam Dalam Puasa Ngrowot. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 1, 41–50.
Iqbal, S. A., & Woodcock, J. (2020). Osmond The effects of gender transport poverty in Karachi. Undefined. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85193960163&partnerID=40&md5=e8d2b2437ac4716e69551fbd4b5f2971
Javdani, S., Godfrey, E., Epstein, R., & Gonzalez, T. (2020). The Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality New York University RISE Research Team Data Snapshot: 2017–2018, National Data on School Discipline by Race and Gender. Undefined. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125809030&partnerID=40&md5=613168e1cda4b468ff49168cf753008f
Kabeer, N. (2020). Gender, Poverty, and Inequality: A Brief History of Feminist Contributions in the Field of International Development. Gend Dev, 28(1), e19. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85191373357&partnerID=40&md5=eda6539e4283b6e7911659a6dc4e3953
Kruglova, E. L., & Putintseva, O. S. (2020). The feminization of poverty within national gender order in Russia and in the US. Gender Resources and the Formation of A New Gender World Order in Xxi Century Collective Monograph, 80–83. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85194141274&partnerID=40&md5=206ad27142ede6f67ef8453a93e3d793
Maleeva, V., Joxhe, M., & Zanaj, S. (2020). Poverty in Russia: The Role of the Marital Status and Gender. CREA. Department of Economics and Management Discussion Paper Series 20-16. Luxembourg Center for Research in Economic Analysis University of Luxembourg, 39. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105002457592&partnerID=40&md5=5cb420fdc832f550cd113d2b10543d89
Munawaroh, M. (2024). ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN STATISTICAL PROSES CONTROL (SPC) DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PRODUKSI DI PT. TIRTA INVESTAMA. Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 2, 60–67.
Muti, A. A., & Yuniawati, R. D. Y. (2023). REDESAIN TROLLEY KANBAN DENGAN ASPEK ERGONOMIS MENGGUNAKAN METODE ERGONOMIC FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT. Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 1, 6–15.
Nasiha, W., Afifah, N., & Amir, A. N. (2023). Design of a website-based arabic typing application for students of arabic language education program at university. Assyfa Learning Journal, 1, 12–24.
Ndawonde, B. G. (2020). Femininization of poverty for medicinal plant sellers: A case of Northern KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Gender and Behaviour, 18(2), 15256–15266. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159233643&partnerID=40&md5=1c1ea12afad21af97f1a727f52365639
Ojo, T. O. (2020). Poverty alleviation and gender roles in farming households. J Gend Stud, 29(1), 90–104. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105000178608&partnerID=40&md5=0c0db1adfa1f7867a52b4b7e186db40a
Olabanji, O. (2020). Gender inequality and poverty menace: the challenges of achieving shared prosperity in Nigeria. International Conference on Gender Research, 179–186. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85195205715&partnerID=40&md5=87fbb9c05404c8559456f06a90a02dcb
Pamungkas, P. P. (2021). KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN RUMPUT LAUT MERAH GRACILARIA GIGAS DARI PERAIRAN LOMBOK NUSA TENGGARA BARAT. Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 2, 18–22.
Pamungkas, P. P., & Nasih, S. (2024). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Sereh (Cymbopogon Citralus) dan Bunga Telang (Clitoria Ternatea) terhadap Mutu Teh Herbal. Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 1, 1–7.
Pamungkas, P. P., & Saifudin, R. N. (2023). Pendugaan Umur Simpan Selai Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Dan Jahe Menggunakan Metode Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT). Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 1, 1–5.
Pandia, W. S. S., Lee, S., & Khan, S. (2024). Fundamental pendidikan agama Islam di sekolah inklusif menjawab permasalahan PAI anak berkebutuhan khusus. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies.
Petesch, P., & Badstue, L. (2020). Gender Norms and Poverty Dynamics in 32 Villages of South Asia. International Journal of Community Well Being, 3(3), 289–310. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094878537&partnerID=40&md5=35cb8792dd4532f97bdd7e3da068f3c6
Pradana, M. D., & Uthman, Y. O. O.-O. (2023). Development of Aqidah Akhlak Learning Media" Board Game Based on Education Fun on the Theme of Commendable Morals (E-Fun A2M)" for High School Students. Assyfa Learning Journal, 1, 25–36.
Pramesti, S. M., & Umali, J. (2023). Peanut Plants: Identification and Management of Bacterial Pathogens Impacting Yield. Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1, 33–42.
Rahman, M. A. (2023). Professional development in an institution through the GROW model. Assyfa Learning Journal, 2, 112–121.
Sa’roni, M. (2023). PENGARUH KONSENTRASI JAHE PADA MINUMAN HERBAL KAPULAGA DAN GULA SEMUT AREN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA DAN ORGANOLEPTIK. Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 2, 24–29.
Shomali, A. Y., & Lawson, D. (2020). Children, forced and early marriage: Preventing and responding to early marriage in Uganda. Gender Poverty and Access to Justice, 34–55. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124765524&partnerID=40&md5=0e1065bb50ecaaece04234a80cd0bed4
Shumaila, S. (2025). Technological Innovations for Water Quality Management in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture: A Scoping Review (SDG 6 & SDG 14). Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 2, 20–29.
Somani, S. (2020). Gender and education: The role of culture and poverty. International Journal of Educational Development, 40(3), 321–330. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105000147200&partnerID=40&md5=c42c08f69e6ea77c4a563220379d65a5
Sulistyowati, E., & Azizah, N. (2021). PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY (EOQ) DI UD. MEUBEL DUA PUTRI. Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 2, 1–11.
Tchamyou, V. S., Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). The impact of gender inequality on income, poverty, and human development: Evidence from selected sub-Saharan African countries. African Development Review, 32(4), 435–446. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-86000242200&partnerID=40&md5=98a00f30c63014b5dc279b9728cf6bc4
Thukral, E. G. (2020). Poverty and gender in India: Issues and concern - Defining an agenda for poverty. Proceedings of the First Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty, 1, 233–253. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958454864&partnerID=40&md5=330b4d0a177b5535e67bc2fa9726558b
Tirado-Herrero, S. (2020). Review of Previous EU Experiences. Assessment from an Energy Poverty, Gender, Health and Mediterranean Perspective. Review of Previous Eu Experiences Assessment from an Energy Poverty Gender Health and Mediterranean Perspective. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85191659535&partnerID=40&md5=28c5a3524fc4f468283ccc405dd80fe7
Ubaidillah, M. (2023). OPTIMALISASI PRODUKSI ASESORIS SEPEDA MOTOR DI CV BOUDY MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN METODE SIMPLEKS PROGRAM LINEAR DENGAN SOFTWARE POM-QM. Ekliptika: Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Berkelanjutan, 2, 13–16.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Diana Berliyani, Marselina Marselina, Arivina Ratih Yulihar Taher
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
