Revenue Journal: Management and Entrepreneurship, vol. 2(1), pp. 14–18, 2024
Received 29 May 2024 / published 3 June 2024
https://doi.org/10.61650/rjme.v2i1.561

Influence Human Development Index,
Open Unemployment Rate, and
Product Gross Regional Domesticity
Per Capita on Poverty in Indonesia
Gharas Umara1*, Toto Gunarto1, Dedy Yuliawan1
1Universitas Lampung, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: gharasumara083@gmail.com

KEYWORDS
Human Development
Index;
Open Unemployment Rate;
Product Gross Regional
Domesticity Per Capita;
Poverty in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Poverty problem has become a problem in societies and countries in this world.
Indonesia continues to try to get out of the poverty zone, and the government at the central
and regional levels is carrying out various efforts and programs to lower poverty in
Indonesia. This research was conducted to see the influence of human development index
(HDI) data, unemployment rate open (TPT), and GDP per capita of 34 Provinces in
Indonesia on the Number of Poor populations of 34 Provinces in Indonesia in 2022. This
research uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The data source in this
research is secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in the form of data on
the number of poor people in 34 provinces in Indonesia, and data on 34 provinces in
Indonesia human development index (HDI), unemployment rate open (TPT), and GDP per
capita originate from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). All research results, which are
variable independent in this study, have a simultaneous relationship with the number of
poor people. The Human Development Index (HDI) is negative and significant in a way
statistics on the number of poor people, the open unemployment rate (TPT) has an
influence positive and essential in a way statistics on the number of poor people and GDP
per capita influential negative and significant in a way statistical to the total poor
population.
© The Author(s) 2024

1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia continues to try to get it out of the
poverty zone. The government has carried out
various efforts and programs to reduce the
number of impoverished people in Indonesia.
Deep business lowers poverty. Not only does it
not have enough answers from the government,
14

but society should also play a role in reducing
poverty. The Government will continue to push the
number of poverty with reduction programs in
various sectors. According to BPS, measuring
poverty uses the draft ability to fulfil basic needs
(basic needs approach). With this approach,
Umara et al / Influence Human Development Index ...

poverty is seen as the inability of the side
economy to satisfy the needs of base food and
non-food, which are measured from side
expenditure. So, the poor population is a
population that has average spending per capita
per month below the poverty line.
Although Indonesia's poor population is
experiencing decline, Indonesia hasn't gone out of
the 100 poorest countries in the world. In 2022,
based on BPS data, Indonesia's poor population is
26,161,000 people, which amounts to 1,382,000
in 2021.

Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita is
one of the variables in a growth economy. A higher
GDP per capita signifies decreasing unemployment
and creates income for residents the more tall it is.
So that the government can accept taxes more,
many can used for alleviation programs poverty in
Indonesia. Alleviation-related poverty is closely
related to welfare (Sukirno, 2000). The declining
unemployment increases GDP per capita as an
indicator of the growth economy and success index
development. The right man target should be able
to lower the level of poverty. From the background
behind the above, the author will complement

Number of poor people in Indonesia

DATA ON THE POOR POPULATION IN INDONESIA
29000000
28000000
27000000
26000000
25000000
24000000
23000000
22000000
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

YEAR
Source: Central Statistics Agency (data processed)

By upgrading the rate of growth, the economy
surpasses population growth . The expected
increase in income per capita residents will also
be followed by improved well-being population
and reduced poverty levels. With growth,
Indonesia's economy will impact the Index
Development Human (IPM).
The growth of a good economy also impacts the
rates of unemployment. A changing level of
unemployment will affect poverty; an
increasingly dire level of unemployment will
result in a declining public income so that welfare
also declines, leading to an increase in poverty
(Sukirno, 2000). Indonesia's unemployment rate
tended to decrease for several years before Covid
19, with its peak decline level of unemployment in
Indonesia to 5.23 percent and back increased in
2020 by 7.07 percent, up almost 2 percent from
the year before Covid 19.
The economic performance of every province can
be assessed. We look at the GDP per capita value
of the province in question. Product Value Gross
REVENUE JOURNAL: MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2(1): 14–18

previous research analyzed the influence of the
Human Development Index, Open Unemployment
Rate, and Product Gross Regional Domestic
Product (GRDP) per capita on the poverty level in
34 provinces in Indonesia in 2022.
There are two studies reference, namely research
(Dianti, 2017) discuss The influence of GDP per
capita, Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) and
Human Development Index (HDI) on Poverty
Levels in 15 Regencies /Cities in Lampung Province
for the 2017-2021 Period. The research sample
covers 15 districts /cities in Lampung Province for
2017-2021. The panel regression method using the
Random Effect Model investigates the influence of
GDP per capita, TPT and HDI on poverty levels in
15 districts /cities in Lampung Province for 20172021. The research results show that the GDP per
capita and HDI variables have negative and
significant influences, while the TPT variable
positively and significantly influences poverty
levels in 15 Regencies /Cities in Lampung Province
for the 2017-202 period. Second, research was
15

carried out on the influence of population, index
development people, products gross regional
domestic, and unemployment to poverty in East
Java (Nur Azizah & Nur Asiyah, 2022). This
research shows that (1) population size does not
affect poverty districts/cities in East Java. (2) The
Human Development Index (HDI) influences
poverty districts/cities in East Java. (3) Gross
Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) does not
affect poverty districts/cities in East Java. (4)
Unemployment influences poverty districts/cities
in East Java.
Based on previous research Not yet there is
research that uses human development index
(HDI) data, unemployment rate open (TPT), and
GDP per capita of 34 provinces in Indonesia as
independent variables so, the author feels it is
necessary to research the influence of the third
variable of the on the Number of Poor People in
34 Provinces in Indonesia. This research covers
34 provinces in Indonesia in 2022. This research
was conducted to determine the influence of HDI,
TBT, and GRDP per capita in 34 provinces in 2022.

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research uses a quantitative method with a
descriptive approach. This research was
conducted to find out the influence of human
development index (HDI) data, level of
unemployment open (TPT), and GDP per capita of
34 provinces in Indonesia against the number of

poor people in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The data
source in this research is secondary data from the
Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in the form of data
on the number of poor people in 34 provinces in
Indonesia, as well as index data development
human (HDI), level of unemployment open (TPT),
and GDP per capita of 34 provinces in Indonesia
originating from the Central Statistics Agency
(BPS). The model used in this research is as follows
following:
𝑌𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑂 + 𝑋1𝑖𝑗 + 𝑌2𝑖𝑗 +𝑌3𝑖𝑗

Y is the number of poor people.
𝑋1 is the Human Development Index
𝑋2 is the Open Unemployment Rate
𝑋3 is the GDP per capita
The data used in this research is sourced from the
Central Statistics Agency.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The research results were obtained from data
processing with E-views 12 software using data
from 34 provinces in Indonesia in 2022.
Regression results shown in the table below show
results analysis, index development human (HDI)
is negative and significant in a way statistics to the
number of poor people, level unemployment open
(TPT) effect positive and essential in a way
statistics on the number of poor people, and GDP
per capita influential negative and significant in a
way statistical to the number of poor people.

Dependent Variable: LOG(JPM)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 05/24/24 Time: 17:40
Sample: 1 34
Included observations: 34

16

Variables

Coefficient

Std. Error

t-Statistics

Prob.

C
HDI
TPT
LOG(GRDP)

12.39679
-3.50E-05
0.221138
-0.653219

4.141623
0.000585
0.129544
0.353812

2.993221
-0.059763
1.707049
-1.846232

0.0055
0.9527
0.0981
0.0747

R-squared
Adjusted R-squared
SE of regression
Sum squared resid
Log-likelihood
F-statistic
Prob(F-statistic)

0.169228
0.086151
1.037784
32.30989
-47.37713
2.036994
0.129825

Mean dependent var
SD dependent var
Akaike info criterion
Schwarz criterion
Hannan-Quinn criteria.
Durbin-Watson stat

6.023354
1.085600
3.022184
3.201756
3.083423
1.526784

Umara et al / Influence Human Development Index ...

Then, the partial influence on each independent
variable can be seen from the t-test. The
concluded variable index development mainly
influences the number of poor people, and the
variable level of unemployment positively
influences the number of poor people. The Per
capita GRDP variable also provides influence in a
way that is partial to the number of poor people.
Influence Human Development Index (HDI) on
the Number of Poor People.

connection exists between GDP per capita and the
number of poor people. The greater the GRDP per
capita in the 34 provinces in Indonesia, the greater
the number of poor people in 34 provinces in
Indonesia. The gross added value from all over the
region's sector economy will influence GDP per
capita in each area. Assumed area-specific, the
greater the GDP per capita value, the more it
opened various regional sector economies. The
more It's an open sector economy area, the more
significant the opportunity income for people
living in the area, the more significant the
opportunity income community in the area, so the
more critical the income, the greater the income
public area, the smaller number of poor people in
the area.

Based on tests that have been carried out, index
builder man shows a negative and significant
relationship to the number of poor people.
Showing that index development humans are
essential in overcoming problems staples in
Indonesia. The more tall the Human Development
Index, the more the number of poor people in
Indonesia is small. The more the index
development man will increase, the more the
quality of Indonesian society will be shared,
namely physical and non-physical, when the
physical and non-physical Indonesian society is
already fulfilled, meaning the HDI increases. The
greater the ability to work and produce income,
the greater it is. Assume somebody will be able to
work well if the quality of physical and nonphysical work is already fulfilled. When someone
already works, so will increasing income
somebody, and when income somebody
increases, somebody will go out from data on
poor people.

This research was conducted to see the influence of
human
development index
(HDI)
data,
unemployment rate open (TPT), and GDP per
capita of 34 provinces in Indonesia against the
number of poor people in 34 provinces in
Indonesia. All variables independent in this study
are simultaneously related to the Number of Poor
People. The Human Development Index (HDI) is
negative and significant in the statistics on the
number of poor people. The open unemployment
rate (TPT) positively impacts the number of poor
people, and GDP per capita is influential, damaging
and vital in a way statistical on the Number of Poor
People.

The Influence of the Open Unemployment Rate
(TPT) on the Number of Poor People.

5. REFERENCES

Based on the testing performed, the level of
unemployment shows an influence on the
number of poor people. That is, the more
unemployment in 34 provinces of Indonesia, the
more The number of poor people in Indonesia's
34 provinces is also tiny. The lower the level of
unemployment, the more Indonesian people are
working, and there are increasingly many
working Indonesian people, so the more Lots
Indonesian people are earning and the more Lots
Indonesian people have income, the more poor
people in Indonesia.
Influence of GRDP Per Capita on the Number of
Poor People.
Based on the tests, a negative and significant
REVENUE JOURNAL: MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2(1): 14–18

4. CONCLUSION

Central Statistics Agency. (2023). Number of Poor
Population in 2022, 34 Provinces in Indonesia.
Retrieved
from
https://sumsel.bps.go.id/indicator/23/588/1/no
mor-penbangun-miskin-menrut-provinsi.html
Central Statistics Agency. (2023). Human Development
Index 2022, 34 provinces in Indonesia. Retrieved
from
https://www.bps.go.id/id/statisticstable/2/NDk0IzI=/-method-baru--indexpembangunan-man-menrut-provinsi.html
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2024). Open
Unemployment Rate in 2022, 34 provinces in
Indonesia.
Retrieved
from
https://www.bps.go.id/id/statisticstable/2/NTQzIzI=/angkat-pengunjunguranterbuka--augustus-2023.html
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2024). GRDP Per Capita in
17

2022, 34 provinces in Indonesia.
Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/id/statisticstable/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRT
R4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestikregional-gross-per-kapita-atas-dasar-hargaberlaku-menurut-provinsi-ribu-rupiah--2022.html?year=2022
Sukirno, S. (2000). Modern Macroeconomics. Jakarta:
PT Raja Drafindo
Dianti, Y. (2017). Angewandte Chemie International
Edition,
6(11),
951–952.,
05,
5–24.
http://repo.iain-

18

tulungagung.ac.id/5510/5/BAB 2.pdf
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