Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 2 (2), pp. 117-126, 2024 Received 28 May 2024 / published 02 Dec 2024 https://doi.org/10.61650/ajis.v2i2.628 The Influence of Islamic Parenting Patterns and Parents' Religious Understanding on Children’s Spiritual Intelligence in Muslim Families in Metro City Rohmat Rohmat 1, Muhammad Yusuf2, Amang Fathurrohman3 and Choirudin Choirudin4 1Universitas Ma’arif Lampung, Indonesia 2Universitas Ma’arif Lampung, Indonesia 3 Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Salahuddin (STAIS) Pasuruan, Indonesia Universitas Ma’arif Lampung, Indonesia 4 E-mail correspondence to: reflin2009@gmail.com Abstract Islamic parenting faces significant challenges in the modern context, especially with the influence of technology that can divert children's attention from religious practices. This study aims to explore the influence of Islamic parenting and parental religious understanding on the spiritual intelligence of children in Muslim families in Metro City. The method used is quantitative, with the population being Muslim parents who have children aged 5-9 years. The sampling technique used is proportional stratified random sampling, with a total sample of 100 individuals. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results of the study show that Islamic parenting has a significant effect on children's spiritual intelligence. This study also found that parents' religious understanding significantly contributes to the development of children's spiritual intelligence. Regression analysis results indicate that Islamic parenting and religious understanding together positively influence children's spiritual intelligence, with the regression equation ȳ = 23.576 + 0.223X1 + 0.452X2. Keywords: Children's Spiritual Intelligence, Islamic Parenting, Muslim Family, Parental Religious Understanding, 1. INTRODUCTION In the modern era, Islamic parenting faces significant challenges in maintaining the spiritual values of Muslim children(Jaelani et al., 2019; Nisa & Muhid, 2020). The rapid development of technology often distracts children from religious practices(Budiarti et al., 2022), raising concerns about the application of Islamic values in an increasingly digital society. In a modern context, religious education faces various challenges that significantly impact the teaching and application of religious values, especially among the younger generation. One of the main challenges is the growing influence of technology. Many children are more interested in digital devices, which often divert their attention from religious practices. A study by Hasan and Sari (2021) revealed that the use of gadgets among children has increased significantly, affecting the time that should be used for religious activities. Additionally, social media plays a role in reducing direct interaction with Islamic values. According to research conducted by Rahmawati (2022), social media is more often used for entertainment than education, leading to a decline in religious understanding and practice. Moreover, the digital divide is also a challenge, where access to and quality of religious value learning through digital platforms are not evenly distributed. Research from Fauzi and Nur (2023) shows that many areas still lack adequate internet access to support online religious education. Besides technological challenges, there are also challenges in understanding and transmitting religious values. Many parents struggle to understand religious teachings deeply, affecting their ability to transmit these values to their children. A study by Aini and Putra (2020) shows that parents with limited religious understanding tend to be less effective in teaching religious values to their children. Communication barriers between parents and children also hinder religious education. Ineffective communication can lead to misunderstandings and a decline in children's interest in learning religion. Research by Widodo and Yuniar (2023) emphasizes the importance of good communication within the family to support better religious understanding. Therefore, a more innovative and inclusive approach is needed to address these challenges, both in terms of technology and communication, so that religious values can be instilled more effectively in the younger generation. . Rohmat, R., et.al. (2024). The Influence Of Islamic Parenting Patterns and Parents Religious Understanding On Children's Spiritual Intelligence In Muslim Families In Metro City. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(2). Research on spiritual intelligence has been conducted by several researchers, including Suryati & Salehudin (2021). They emphasize the importance of guidance and counseling in enhancing individuals' spiritual intelligence. This research shows that support from counselors can help individuals understand and develop their spiritual values. However, this study has weaknesses due to the lack of empirical data supporting the effectiveness of guidance and counseling methods quantitatively. Furthermore, it focuses solely on guidance and counseling as the only method, without considering other approaches that might be more effective in certain situations. provide deeper insights into how these two variables influence each other. This is important for understanding the dynamics of education and spirituality among Muslim children, as well as providing guidance for developing more effective and relevant educational strategies for the needs of the community in Metro City. In terms of theory and concept framework, this study uses several main theories. One of them is the concept of spiritual intelligence, which defines and develops spirituality in the context of a Muslim family. The theory of Islamic parenting is also explained, including the basic principles of parenting and the parent-child relationship model in a Muslim family. Other supporting concepts include parents' religious understanding, encompassing the dimensions of religious understanding and its influence on parenting patterns. Empirical support from various recent studies between 2020 and 2025 helps strengthen the findings of this research, such as studies by Awaliyah & Listiyandini (2018), Utami et al. (2022), and Sholehuddin et al. (2023), which examine various aspects related to parenting patterns and spiritual development. Berikut ini adalah terjemahan teks ke dalam bahasa Inggris: Selanjutnya, Hafidz et al. (2022) studied the habituation of religious values in honing spiritual intelligence. They emphasized the importance of internalizing religious values early on to form strong spiritual intelligence. This research highlights how religious habits and practices can be crucial to a person's spiritual development. However, this study has shortcomings due to a lack of attention to contextual and cultural differences that can affect the effectiveness of religious value habituation. Additionally, the study tends to overlook the role of formal education in shaping spiritual intelligence. The research methodology used was a quantitative approach involving 100 Muslim parents as a sample, using proportional stratified random sampling techniques. The analysis used multiple linear regression with the equation ȳ = 23.576 + 0.223X1 + 0.452X2. This research concludes that by analyzing the simultaneous influence between Islamic parenting patterns and parental religious understanding, this study successfully fills an important gap in the literature. This comprehensive approach significantly contributes to a better understanding of children's spiritual development in the context of a modern Muslim family, offering insights that can be used to improve educational strategies in society. Utami (2023) analyzed the positive impact of spirituality on psychological well-being. This study shows that individuals with high levels of spirituality tend to have better psychological wellbeing, including lower stress levels and higher life satisfaction. Nevertheless, the study has limitations in terms of generalizability as most respondents come from a homogeneous background. Furthermore, the study does not fully address how external factors, such as social and economic environments, can affect the relationship between spirituality and psychological well-being. 2. METHOD This research uses a survey approach with a cross-sectional design. This research offers significant novelty by integrating two previously studied variables: Islamic parenting patterns and parental religious understanding. This combination provides a more comprehensive analysis of the simultaneous influence of these two variables. Previously, research focused on only one aspect, so no study has explored the influence of both variables simultaneously in specific contexts like Metro City. Thus, this study fills the existing research gap and offers a new perspective that can 1. Research design: This design was chosen because it simultaneously measures relationships between variables (Islamic parenting patterns, parents' religious understanding, and children's spiritual intelligence) at a specific time. Figure 1 below shows the flow of the research process conducted. Figure 1. the flow of the research process conducted. (Harrahap & da Silva Santiago, 2024; Hendarto, 2023; Sebayang & Baroud, 2024). Figure 1 explains the research process involving Muslim parents in Metro City with children aged 5-9 years. The study uses a proportional stratified random sampling technique to ensure each group within the population is proportionally represented. A Likert scale-based questionnaire is developed to measure research variables, which is distributed to 100 respondents for data collection. The collected data is then analyzed using multiple linear regression to test the influence of each variable, and conclusions are drawn based on the results of this analysis. 118 Rohmat, R., et.al. (2024). The Influence Of Islamic Parenting Patterns and Parents Religious Understanding On Children's Spiritual Intelligence In Muslim Families In Metro City. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(2). 2. Population and Sample background, is proportionally represented. The population is comprised of Muslim parents with children aged 5-9 years in Metro City. One hundred parents are selected as a sample using the proportional stratified random sampling technique. This approach ensures that each subgroup within the population, based on education level and socio-economic Variable Islamic Parenting Patterns (X1) Parents' Religious Understanding (X2) Children's Spiritual Intelligence (Y) 3. The instrument used is a closed-ended questionnaire based on a Likert scale (1-5), designed to measure three main variables: Islamic Parenting Patterns (X1), Parents' Religious Understanding (X2), and Children's Spiritual Intelligence (Y). Table 1. Research Instrument Indicator Sub-Indicator - Parents' Role Model - Consistency in religious practice - Implementation of Islamic - Use of religious values in education Discipline - Effective Communication - Parents' Openness Based on Islamic Values - Knowledge of Islamic - Understanding of the Qur'an and Hadith Teachings - Practice of Islamic Values - Worship Practices - Involvement in Religious - Active Participation in the Islamic Community Activities - Introspection Ability - Self-awareness - Development of Empathy - Ability to Understand Others - Meaning of Life - Ability to See Life Purpose The instrument consists of 42 questions, each answered using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, where 1 signifies "Strongly Disagree" and five indicates "Strongly Agree." This tool has been validated through prior research conducted by Sugiyono in 2017 and adapted to fit the specific context of the current study. 4. Research Instrument Number of Items 5 5 5 6 4 4 4 4 5 distributed directly to the target group, specifically Muslim parents in Metro City, to obtain relevant and specific insights. Finally, the collected data from these questionnaires is compiled for further analysis. This structured approach ensures systematic data collection and yields valuable information for the intended research or study. Data Collection Technique 5. Data is gathered by distributing questionnaires to selected respondents, following a three-stage process. The first stage involves instrument testing, which is crucial for verifying the validity and reliability of the measuring tools. This ensures that the data collected will be accurate and dependable. Next, questionnaires are Data Analysis Technique The collected data is analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques, represented by the regression equation: ȳ = 23.576 + 0.223X1 + 0.452X2. Figure 2.the collected data is analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques In this equation, ȳ stands for children's spiritual intelligence, X1 represents Islamic parenting patterns, and X2 represents parents' religious understanding. The primary aim of this analysis is to test the partial influence of each independent variable (X1 and X2) on the dependent variable (ȳ) and assess the simultaneous influence of both independent variables on the dependent variable. By understanding how each factor individually and collectively impacts children's spiritual intelligence, this analysis provides valuable insights into the role of parenting and religious understanding in shaping spiritual growth. The results are crucial for educators and parents seeking to enhance children's spiritual development through informed strategies integrating religious teachings with effective parenting practices. 6. Instrument Validation Validation involves two key tests. Firstly, the Validity Test uses correlation analysis to evaluate the relationship between individual question items and the total score. This analysis helps in determining how well each question aligns with the overall assessment goal, ensuring that each item effectively contributes to the measurement of the desired construct. Secondly, the Reliability Test is performed by employing Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, a 119 Rohmat, R., et.al. (2024). The Influence Of Islamic Parenting Patterns and Parents Religious Understanding On Children's Spiritual Intelligence In Muslim Families In Metro City. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(2). statistical measure used to assess the test's internal consistency. Sugiyono (2017) states that a Cronbach’s Alpha value greater than 0.7 is deemed reliable, indicating that the test items consistently measure the same underlying concept. Together, these tests ensure that the instrument not only measures what it is intended to measure but also does so consistently across different occasions and samples, thereby enhancing the credibility and dependability of the evaluation process. 7. significantly enhances children's emotional and spiritual intelligence. The research method used in this study aims to produce valid and reliable data on the influence of these parenting patterns and religious understanding. By employing a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design, the study offers meaningful insights and findings that could advance the development of Islamic parenting strategies and spiritual education within Muslim families. This comprehensive approach is expected to contribute significantly to the existing body of knowledge in this area. Empirical Support 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study is supported by previous research that underscores the impact of Islamic parenting on children's spiritual development. Utami et al. (2022) demonstrated that parents' religious understanding plays a crucial role in shaping children's spiritual growth. Furthermore, Suryati and Salehudin (2021) discovered a positive correlation between Islamic parenting patterns and children's spiritual intelligence. Similarly, research by Sholehuddin et al. (2023) confirmed that value-based Islamic parenting Characteristic Child's Age Parent's Education 3.1 Respondent Characteristics This study involved 100 Muslim parents with children aged 5-9 years in Metro City. The distribution of respondent characteristics is as follows: Table 2. Respondent Characteristics Category Frequency 5-6 years 35 7-8 years 40 9 years 25 High School/Equivalent 45 Diploma/Bachelor's 40 Master's/Doctorate 15 3.2 Descriptive Analysis of Research Variables Percentage (%) 35 40 25 45 40 15 The results of the descriptive analysis for the three research variables are presented in the following table: Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of Research Variables Variable Mean Std. Deviation Min Islamic Parenting Style (X₁) 3.85 0.67 2.5 Religious Understanding (X₂) 4.12 0.58 2.8 Spiritual Intelligence (Y) 3.98 0.62 2.6 3.3 Regression Analysis Results Max 5.0 5.0 5.0 equation: [ ȳ = 23.576 + 0.223X₁ + 0.452X₂] The multiple linear regression analysis yielded the following Table 4. Regression Analysis Results Variable Coefficient t-value Constant 23.576 15.234 Islamic Parenting Style (X₁) 0.223 3.876 Religious Understanding (X₂) 0.452 5.234 R² = 0.687 4. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS p-value 0.000 0.000 0.000 Islamic principles contributes positively to children's spiritual growth, creating an environment that encourages spiritual development through consistent religious application. 4.1 Influence of Islamic Parenting Style on Children's Spiritual Intelligence A vital element of Islamic parenting is the focus on maintaining consistency in religious practices. Marzban et al. (2022) verified that parents who consistently implement Islamic parenting styles can build a solid spiritual base in their children. This consistency is reflected in practices such as family prayers, Quran reading, and discussions about religious teachings. Such actions instill discipline and help children grasp their faith, which is essential for their spiritual awareness. The study findings demonstrate that the Islamic parenting style significantly impacts children's spiritual intelligence, with a regression coefficient of 0.223 (p < 0.001). This reinforces earlier research by Sholehuddin et al. (2023), which indicated that parenting rooted in Islamic values positively affects children's spiritual growth. Consistent application of these values fosters an environment conducive to spiritual development. Similarly, Marzban et al. (2022) confirmed that parents who adhere to Islamic parenting styles can nurture a strong spiritual foundation in their children. Regular religious practices, such as praying and reading the Quran together, establish beneficial routines that enhance children's spiritual awareness. The study emphasizes that active parental involvement in religious activities establishes positive routines that strengthen spiritual values. Family prayers and Quran recitation sessions, for example, offer children practical insights into the significance of their faith. This hands-on approach to spirituality enables children to internalize religious teachings, increasing the likelihood of them adopting these values in their daily lives. This study emphasizes that an Islamic parenting approach significantly shapes children's spiritual intelligence, supported by the regression coefficient of 0.223 (p < 0.001). This aligns with Sholehuddin et al. (2023), who noted that parenting based on Moreover, findings suggest that the influence of Islamic parenting on children's spiritual intelligence extends beyond merely 120 Rohmat, R., et.al. (2024). The Influence Of Islamic Parenting Patterns and Parents Religious Understanding On Children's Spiritual Intelligence In Muslim Families In Metro City. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(2). transmitting religious knowledge; it also encompasses the emotional and psychological support provided by parents. A nurturing atmosphere filled with love, care, and guidance enhances children's ability to connect with their spirituality. Children who feel supported by their parents are more inclined to explore their spiritual beliefs and develop a strong identity rooted in their faith. This finding suggests the need for community-based programs that provide parents with opportunities to deepen their religious knowledge and improve their ability to guide their children's spiritual growth. In the context of modern challenges, such as the pervasive influence of technology and social media, the role of parents' religious understanding becomes even more critical. As children are exposed to a wide range of external influences that may conflict with Islamic values, parents with a strong foundation in religious knowledge are better equipped to help their children navigate these challenges. They can provide guidance on how to critically assess the information they encounter and make decisions that align with their faith. In light of modern challenges, such as the impact of technology and social media, the role of Islamic parenting becomes even more vital. As children face various external influences that may divert them from their religious practices, a strong foundation established through Islamic parenting can assist them in navigating these challenges. Parents who actively engage in discussions about faith and spirituality can equip their children with the skills to critically evaluate the information they encounter online. The study's findings have significant implications for the design of parenting programs in Muslim communities. Programs that focus solely on parenting techniques without addressing parents' religious understanding may be less effective in promoting children's spiritual intelligence. Conversely, programs that emphasize religious education without providing practical parenting strategies may fail to address the day-to-day challenges of raising spiritually intelligent children. Therefore, a balanced approach that integrates both aspects is essential. Overall, the study highlights the significance of Islamic parenting styles in shaping children's spiritual intelligence. By creating an environment that prioritizes consistent religious practices and emotional support, parents can greatly enhance their children's spiritual development. This finding enriches the existing literature on parenting and spirituality while offering practical insights for Muslim families aiming to nurture their children's spiritual growth in an ever-evolving world. 4.2 Contribution of Parents' Religious Understanding In conclusion, the study highlights the significant contribution of parents' religious understanding to children's spiritual intelligence. By deepening their knowledge of Islamic teachings and serving as role models, parents can create an environment that fosters their children's spiritual growth. These findings underscore the importance of equipping parents with the tools and resources they need to fulfill this critical role, particularly in the face of modern challenges that may undermine traditional approaches to spiritual education. The study reveals that parents' religious understanding has a more substantial influence on children's spiritual intelligence compared to Islamic parenting style, with a regression coefficient of 0.452 (p < 0.001). This discovery underscores the critical role of parents' depth of religious knowledge in shaping their children's spiritual development. Parents with a profound understanding of religious teachings are better equipped to explain spiritual concepts in a meaningful and relatable manner, enabling children to internalize these values more effectively. 4.3 Simultaneous Influence and Practical Implications Utami et al. (2022) emphasize that parents with a deep understanding of religion can contextualize spiritual teachings, making them accessible and relevant to their children's daily lives. For instance, parents who grasp the concept of gratitude in Islam can teach their children to express gratitude through prayer and acts of kindness and charity. This ability to connect abstract spiritual principles with practical applications helps children develop a more comprehensive understanding of their faith. The multiple regression analysis indicates that the combination of Islamic parenting style and parents' religious understanding accounts for 68.7% (R² = 0.687) of the variance in children's spiritual intelligence. This underscores the significance of integrating these factors in shaping children's spiritual development. As argued by Suryati & Salehudin (2021), effective parenting necessitates a synergy between parenting practices and religious understanding to fully nurture children’s spiritual intelligence, addressing both behavioral and cognitive aspects. Moreover, Hafidz et al. (2022) highlight that parents with strong religious understanding act as effective role models for their children. When parents consistently demonstrate religious practices such as regular prayer, fasting, and charity, they provide a living example of how to embody Islamic values. This modeling effect is particularly powerful during early childhood, a critical period for moral and spiritual development. Children tend to emulate their parents' behaviors, and when these behaviors are rooted in a deep understanding of religious teachings, the impact on children's spiritual intelligence is profound. The integration of Islamic parenting practices with parents’ religious understanding enhances children’s spiritual intelligence. Islamic parenting offers a structured framework of emotional warmth, discipline, and religious rituals, while parental religious understanding deepens the effectiveness of these practices by adding meaning to spiritual concepts. Parents who regularly engage in religious practices like praying together, reading the Quran, and discussing Islamic teachings not only establish consistent spiritual routines but also help children understand the significance of these acts. Hafidz et al. (2022) confirm that children’s spiritual development is more effective when parents model Islamic principles daily. The findings align with broader research on the role of parental religiosity in child development. For instance, Rahman et al. (2020) found that parents who actively participate in religious activities, such as attending mosque events or engaging in community service, significantly enhance their children's spiritual intelligence. These activities provide children with opportunities to observe and participate in collective expressions of faith, reinforcing their understanding of Islamic values and principles. This combination emphasizes the importance of intentional communication in parenting. Parents with a solid religious foundation are better prepared to answer children's questions about faith and provide moral guidance during critical developmental stages. Utami et al. (2022) emphasize that understanding religious teachings allows parents to guide their children’s moral reasoning and foster a sense of purpose, directly contributing to their spiritual intelligence. However, the study also highlights a potential challenge: not all parents possess the same level of religious understanding, which can create disparities in children's spiritual development. Parents with limited religious knowledge may struggle to explain complex spiritual concepts or provide consistent guidance, potentially hindering their children's ability to fully internalize Islamic values. The study also highlights the modern challenges faced by Muslim families, particularly the influence of technology. Sisi (2023) notes that technology and social media can distract children from 121 Rohmat, R., et.al. (2024). The Influence Of Islamic Parenting Patterns and Parents Religious Understanding On Children's Spiritual Intelligence In Muslim Families In Metro City. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(2). religious practices and weaken their spiritual connection. In this context, integrating Islamic parenting with strong religious understanding is crucial in addressing these challenges. Parents knowledgeable in Islamic teachings can balance technology use while instilling spiritual values, using digital tools like Islamic educational apps and online Quranic lessons to bridge modern technology with traditional values. Moreover, parents with strong religious understanding can help their children critically assess online content and align their decisions with Islamic values, reinforcing their spiritual foundation and helping them navigate modern complexities with confidence and faith. be complemented by sessions that deepen parents' understanding of Islamic teachings. For example, workshops could focus on how to explain complex spiritual concepts, such as gratitude or forgiveness, in ways that are relatable to children. This approach aligns with the findings of Utami et al. (2022), who emphasized that parents with a strong religious foundation are better able to guide their children's spiritual development. Additionally, these programs should address the challenges posed by modern influences, such as technology and social media. Sisi (2023) identified the pervasive impact of technology on family dynamics and children's spiritual growth. Parent education programs could include modules on managing screen time, using digital tools for Islamic education, and fostering critical thinking in children to help them navigate the digital world while maintaining their spiritual focus. The study’s findings have significant implications for designing parent development programs. Programs tailored to Muslim families should not only teach practical parenting techniques but also strengthen parents' religious understanding. Integrating both aspects effectively addresses the multifaceted needs of families in fostering children’s spiritual intelligence. For example, workshops and seminars can include sessions on incorporating religious rituals into daily routines, alongside training on explaining Islamic principles to children in age-appropriate ways. Community support groups can provide spaces for parents to share experiences and learn from each other, fostering collective growth and offering support for parenting challenges. Digital resources like platforms and apps can combine Islamic educational content with parenting tips, helping parents integrate modern tools into their spiritual parenting practices. Community-based initiatives, such as parenting support groups and mosque-led educational programs, can also play a crucial role in reinforcing the lessons learned in formal training sessions. These initiatives provide parents with opportunities to share experiences, learn from one another, and build a supportive network. Rahman et al. (2020) highlighted the importance of community involvement in addressing disparities in religious knowledge and ensuring equal access to spiritual education. While this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the influence of Islamic parenting style and parents' religious understanding on children's spiritual intelligence, several areas warrant further exploration. One potential avenue for future research is to examine the role of moderating factors, such as parents' educational background, socio-economic status, and cultural context, in shaping the relationship between the studied variables. For instance, parents with higher levels of education may have different approaches to explaining spiritual concepts compared to those with limited formal education. Similarly, socio-economic factors may influence the resources available to parents for fostering their children's spiritual development. The study also suggests that educational institutions and policymakers should prioritize initiatives supporting parents as spiritual educators. Mosques and Islamic schools can offer parenting classes focused on Islamic values and provide resources to help parents navigate modern parenting challenges. Additionally, school curricula could include components encouraging collaboration between parents and educators in fostering children’s spiritual intelligence. Rahman et al. (2020) emphasize that community-based approaches are crucial for addressing disparities in religious knowledge among parents and ensuring equal access to spiritual education. Another area for future research is the longitudinal impact of Islamic parenting and religious understanding on children's spiritual intelligence. While this study provides a snapshot of the relationship between these variables, a longitudinal study could track changes in children's spiritual intelligence over time and identify critical periods for parental intervention. This approach would provide deeper insights into the long-term effects of parenting practices and religious education on spiritual development. Furthermore, future studies could explore the impact of digital tools and technology on Islamic parenting and children's spiritual intelligence. As technology continues to evolve, it is essential to understand how digital platforms, such as Islamic educational apps and online Quranic lessons, can be effectively integrated into parenting practices. Research in this area could provide practical recommendations for leveraging technology to enhance spiritual education in the modern era. In conclusion, the simultaneous influence of Islamic parenting style and parents' religious understanding offers a robust framework for enhancing children’s spiritual intelligence. Addressing both practical and theoretical aspects of spiritual education, this integrated approach equips children with tools to develop a strong sense of spirituality and moral reasoning. The study highlights the need for comprehensive parenting programs and communitybased initiatives supporting Muslim families in navigating modern society's challenges while nurturing their children’s spiritual growth. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on parenting and spiritual education, offering actionable insights for families, educators, and policymakers. 4.4 Recommendations and Future Research Directions Finally, comparative studies across different cultural and geographical contexts could shed light on the universality of the findings and identify context-specific factors that influence the effectiveness of Islamic parenting and religious education. For example, comparing Muslim families in urban and rural settings or in different countries could reveal unique challenges and opportunities for fostering children's spiritual intelligence. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the development of parent education programs and highlight potential areas for future research. The significant influence of both Islamic parenting style and parents' religious understanding on children's spiritual intelligence underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to parenting education. Programs designed for Muslim families should integrate practical parenting strategies with efforts to deepen parents' religious understanding. This dual focus ensures that parents are equipped not only with effective parenting techniques but also with the knowledge and confidence to transmit Islamic values to their children. The recommendations and future research directions outlined above have significant implications for educators, policymakers, and researchers. By integrating practical parenting strategies with religious education, parent training programs can better equip Muslim families to nurture their children's spiritual intelligence. Policymakers can support these efforts by funding communitybased initiatives and developing resources that address the unique needs of Muslim families. Researchers, in turn, can build on the findings of this study to explore new dimensions of Islamic Parent education programs should emphasize the integration of Islamic parenting practices and religious education. Practical parenting strategies, such as fostering open communication, setting consistent routines, and modeling positive behavior, should 122 Rohmat, R., et.al. (2024). The Influence Of Islamic Parenting Patterns and Parents Religious Understanding On Children's Spiritual Intelligence In Muslim Families In Metro City. Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(2). parenting and spiritual education, contributing to a deeper understanding of these critical topics. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the importance of a holistic approach to parenting education that combines practical strategies with religious understanding. By addressing the challenges and opportunities identified in this research, future efforts can help Muslim families foster the spiritual intelligence of their children, ensuring that they grow into well-rounded individuals who embody Islamic values in their daily lives children. 2. Consistency in Islamic Parenting Patterns Parents are advised to consistently apply Islamic parenting patterns, such as involving children in daily religious activities, setting examples in Islamic behavior, and creating a harmonious and religious family environment. 3. Adaptation to Modern Challenges Parents need to understand the influence of technology and social media on children. They can utilize technology to support religious learning, such as using Islamic educational apps or relevant digital content. 4. CONCLUSION This study aimed to analyze the influence of Islamic parenting patterns and parents' religious understanding on the spiritual intelligence of children in Muslim families in Metro City. Based on data analysis and discussion, several key points can be concluded as follows: 1. 2. 3. B. For Educational Institutions Islamic Parenting Patterns Islamic parenting patterns significantly positively influence children's spiritual intelligence, with a regression coefficient of 0.223 (p < 0.001). Consistent parenting that applies Islamic values, such as congregational prayers, reading the Quran together, and demonstrating exemplary behavior in daily life, creates an environment that supports the spiritual development of children. This indicates that parenting based on Islamic values can strengthen children's spiritual foundation from an early age. Parents' Religious Understanding Parents' religious understanding has a greater influence on children's spiritual intelligence than Islamic parenting patterns, with a regression coefficient of 0.452 (p < 0.001). Parents with a deep understanding of religion can effectively become role models, explain spiritual concepts in ways that are easy for children to understand, and provide relevant moral guidance. Good religious understanding allows parents to support their children's spiritual development more authentically and convincingly. Simultaneous Influence Simultaneously, Islamic parenting patterns and parents' religious understanding explain 68.7% of the variability in children's spiritual intelligence (R² = 0.687). The combination of these two factors complements each other in shaping children's spiritual intelligence. Islamic parenting patterns provide structure and routine, while parents' religious understanding provides depth and meaning in educating children. Provision of Parent Education Programs Educational institutions, such as schools and mosques, can organize training programs or workshops that integrate Islamic parenting patterns with deepening religious understanding. These programs can help parents apply more effective parenting patterns. 2. Enhancing Communication Between Schools and Parents Schools can strengthen communication with parents to provide guidance and support in educating their children, especially religious education and spiritual values. Development of Islamic Curriculum Educational institutions can develop curricula that integrate Islamic values with modern technology to provide relevant and engaging religious education for children. 3. C. For Future Researchers 1. 2. 3. This study underscores the importance of integrating Islamic parenting patterns and parents' religious understanding in supporting children's spiritual development, especially in facing modern challenges such as the influence of technology and social media. Further Studies with Moderator Factors Future researchers should explore moderator factors, such as parents' education level, socio-economic background, and cultural environment, that may affect the relationship between Islamic parenting patterns, parents' religious understanding, and children's spiritual intelligence. Longitudinal Approach Longitudinal research can be conducted to observe the long-term effects of Islamic parenting patterns and parents' religious understanding on children's spiritual development. This approach can provide deeper insights into the dynamics of inter-variable relationships. 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