Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 2 (2), pp. 151-160, 2024 Received 28 May 2024 / published 02 Dec2024 https://doi.org/10.61650/ajis.v2i2.130 Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity of Muhammadiyah's "founding idea," what is the vision of Muhammadiyah's mission? Moh. Nurhakim1, Rani Darmayanti2*, Ming Wa Pongsibanne3 1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia 2 Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Pasuruan, Indonesia 3 Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail correspondence to: hakiubay9@gmail.com Abstract This study investigates the historical and ideological development of the Muhammadiyah movement in Indonesia, initiated in the early 20th century by Ahmad Dahlan. By focusing on the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad, the research explores Muhammadiyah's foundational ideas and their influence on shaping Indonesia's educational, social, and political landscapes. Unlike previous studies that concentrated solely on Indonesia's socio-political aspects, this research expands the scope to include Muhammadiyah's international activities, particularly in Thailand. Employing a comprehensive literature review and the 7P Systematic Literature Review (SLR) diagram, this study synthesizes findings from numerous academic sources such as PubMed, ABIInform, and Google Scholar. The research highlights the movement's role in promoting cognitive autonomy and social welfare, demonstrating its significance in advancing progressive Islamic thought amid colonial challenges. The study concludes with a comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah's impact in Indonesia and Thailand, offering insights into the movement's broader implications on Islamic reform. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic interplay between theological doctrine and societal transformation. Keywords: Historicity, Muhammadiyah, Socio-Political Development, Education, International INTRODUCTION The Muhammadiyah movement, founded by Ahmad Dahlan in the early 20th century(Nadiyah & Prayoga, 2024; Pertiwi et al., 2024; Sahide et al., 2024), has been the subject of extensive contemporary research focusing on its historical and ideological evolution. According to recent studies by Nurhakim et al. (2021), the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad serve as fundamental cornerstones in shaping the vision and mission of this movement, particularly within the context of contemporary Islamic education. This research highlights that the epistemological transformation of Muhammadiyah extends beyond mere religious aspects(Ramadhani & Lestari, 2024), encompassing broader social and intellectual dimensions. Recent developments in the field, as highlighted by Syafi'i (2021), emphasize Muhammadiyah's strategic role in shaping the character of younger generations through its educational institutions(Hairani et al., 2024; Irmaleny et al., 2024). Saiful's (2022) research further investigates the adaptation of the Muhammadiyah movement in the digital era, demonstrating how this organization continues to thrive amidst modernization challenges. These studies underscore how Muhammadiyah's founding ideas have evolved while maintaining their foundational principles. The international dimension of Muhammadiyah(Kusumaningsih et al., 2024; Maylawati et al., 2024; Suardi et al., 2024), particularly in Thailand, has become a critical focus in the comparative study by Azhari & Rahman (2023). Their research reveals how Muhammadiyah's knowledge transfer model and religious practices have transcended national borders, albeit with varying intensities in both countries. Wahyudi (2024) further analyzes this organization's ideological metamorphosis, illustrating how Muhammadiyah adapts to different socio-political contexts in Indonesia and Thailand. Previous research, such as Zainuddin's (2020), focused on political dimensions without exploring its international implications in depth. Similarly, studies by Rizal and Halim (2022) limited their analysis to local contexts. These limitations highlight the necessity for more comprehensive research employing the 7P Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to analyze the development of Muhammadiyah's ideas and mission in a broader context Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 The complexity of Muhammadiyah's identity as a transnational entity requires an in-depth investigation to understand its transformative dynamics in both countries. This research introduces methodological innovation through cross-regional comparative analysis and multidisciplinary integration in examining religious social movements. Such an approach facilitates a deeper understanding of how the principles of tajwid and ijtihad are translated into different socio-political contexts in Indonesia and Thailand. By synthesizing findings from various academic sources such as PubMed, ABIInform, and Google Scholar, this study aims to significantly contribute to understanding the dynamic interaction between theological doctrine and social transformation. Special emphasis is placed on Muhammadiyah's role in promoting cognitive autonomy and social welfare and its significance in advancing progressive Islamic thought amidst colonial and postcolonial challenges in both countries. METHOD This research employs a qualitative approach using a systematic literature review (SLR) method, integrating cross-regional and multidisciplinary comparative analysis to understand the dynamics of Muhammadiyah's transformation. The aim of this method is to reveal how the principles of tajwid and ijtihad are applied in different socio-political contexts in Indonesia and Thailand. 2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN The research design utilizes a comparative approach with a crossregional focus. This study combines secondary data from various academic sources such as PubMed, ABIInform, and Google Scholar, published between 2020 and 2024(Nuraini & Mas’odi, 2023; Zahroh et al., 2023). Figure 1 below illustrates the research process flow, which includes data collection, analysis, and synthesis stages(Isrowiyatun et al., 2024; Riadi et al., 2024) Figure 1 depicts the research methodology flow used in this study. The steps include gathering data from relevant literature, selection based on inclusion criteria, comparative analysis, and synthesis of findings. This process ensures that the data obtained is consistent and relevant to the research objectives. Gathering data from relevant academic literature involves several crucial steps. Initially, researchers must identify key sources that provide valuable insights and information pertinent to their study.(Humaidi et al., 2023; Nursaid et al., 2023; Widiasih et al., 2022). This includes academic journals, books, and conference papers recognized and respected in the field. Once these sources are identified, the next step involves systematically reviewing and extracting relevant data to contribute to the research objectives. This stage is critical as it forms the foundation for the entire research. Researchers must ensure that the data collected is relevant, up-to-date, and accurate. This often requires a thorough understanding of the topic and the ability to discern which information will be most beneficial to the study. The ultimate goal of this data collection phase is to compile a comprehensive body of evidence that supports the research questions and hypotheses, thereby enabling a robust analysis in subsequent stages. Conducting a comparative analysis of Indonesia's and Thailand's contexts necessitates a detailed examination of various socioeconomic, political, and cultural factors. While located in Southeast Asia, both countries have unique characteristics that influence their development paths and policy decisions. Researchers must carefully analyze these differences and similarities to understand how they impact specific areas of interest, such as economic growth, education, or health care. This comparison often involves examining statistical data, historical records, and current policies to draw meaningful conclusions. By understanding the nuances of each country's context, researchers can identify patterns and trends that may not be immediately apparent. This analysis is crucial for drawing informed conclusions and making recommendations tailored to each country's specific needs and circumstances(Fatimah et al., 2024; odi Mas’ odi & Arma, 2023). Furthermore, such comparative studies can reveal broader regional trends and contribute to a deeper understanding of Southeast Asian dynamics. The gathered data and analysis synthesis aims to produce comprehensive, insightful, and actionable conclusions. This phase integrates findings from the literature review and comparative analysis to effectively address the research questions. Researchers must critically evaluate all the information collected and identify key emerging themes and patterns(Anhar et al., 2023; Darmayanti et al., 2023; Pandia et al., 2024). This often requires a careful balancing act, weighing different pieces of evidence to ensure the conclusions are well-supported and credible. The synthesis should summarize the findings and offer new perspectives and insights that can advance the understanding of the topic. Additionally, it should highlight any gaps or limitations in the research and suggest 152 Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 areas for future study. Ultimately, the goal is to provide a clear and coherent narrative that encapsulates the research's core findings and implications, offering valuable contributions to the existing body of knowledge. This study's population consists of academic literature discussing Muhammadiyah in Indonesia and Thailand. The sample is selected based on inclusion criteria, including publications between 2020 and 2024 and relevance to the research topic. 2.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE Aspect Literacy Indicator Academic publications Social Social impact Theology Principles tajwid ijtihad of and Table 1: Research Instrument Sub-Indicator Population Year of Research publication, topic relevance Transnational, Society local Implementation Muhammadiyah in socio-political contexts Table 1 Description: This table shows the research instruments used to assess the literature, focusing on literacy, social, and theological aspects. Indicators and sub-indicators are selected to ensure that all research aspects are well covered. This table presents the research instruments utilized to evaluate the literature, with a particular emphasis on literacy, social, and theological dimensions. The chosen indicators and sub-indicators are meticulously selected to guarantee comprehensive coverage of all research facets. Each indicator plays a crucial role in providing a detailed analysis, ensuring that the study's objectives are thoroughly addressed. By focusing on these specific areas, the research aims to deliver a holistic understanding of the subject matter. The instruments are designed to capture a wide range of Research Studies Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Study 4 Study 5 With a rigorous and comprehensive methodological approach, this research aims to significantly contribute to understanding the dynamic interaction between theological doctrine and social transformation in Muhammadiyah. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOUNDATIONS Indonesia, Thailand Indonesia, Thailand data, highlighting significant trends and patterns within the literature. This approach not only enhances the depth of the research but also ensures that the findings are robust and reliable. As a result, the table serves as a fundamental component of the study, underpinning the analysis with a structured and systematic framework. 2.3 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES This study employs thematic analysis techniques to identify the main themes emerging from the collected literature data. Comparative analysis is conducted to understand the differences and similarities in the application of Muhammadiyah's principles in Indonesia and Thailand. Table2: Overview of Recent Studies on Muhammadiyah Author(s) Year Topic Nurhakim et al. 2021 Principles of tajwid and ijtihad Syafi'i 2021 Strategic role of Muhammadiyah in education Saiful 2022 Muhammadiyah's adaptation in the digital era Azhari & Rahman 2023 International dimension of Muhammadiyah in Thailand Wahyudi 2024 Ideological metamorphosis of Muhammadiyah This research draws on empirical sources from recent studies focusing on various aspects of Muhammadiyah. Nurhakim et al. (2021) explore the principles of tajwid and ijtihad, while Syafi'i (2021) examines Muhammadiyah's strategic role in education. Saiful (2022) discusses how Muhammadiyah adapts to the digital era. Azhari and Rahman (2023) investigate its international reach in Thailand, and Wahyudi (2024) explores the ideological changes within Muhammadiyah. These studies provide a comprehensive understanding of Muhammadiyah's multifaceted influence. 3.1 THEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Location Indonesia, Thailand AND IDEOLOGICAL The theological foundations and ideological development of the Muhammadiyah movement are deeply rooted in the principles of tajwid and ijtihad as conceptualized by its founder, Ahmad Dahlan. These principles have significantly influenced the movement's framework, steering it towards a progressive and reformist interpretation of Islam that harmonizes religious teachings with rational thought and societal needs. The Muhammadiyah movement, founded by Ahmad Dahlan, is anchored in the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad, which have profoundly shaped its ideological development. These principles underpin a progressive and reformist interpretation of Islam, aligning religious teachings with rational thought and the evolving needs of society. The theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad play a significant role in understanding and applying Islamic teachings in today's world. Tajwid focuses on the precise articulation of Quranic recitation, ensuring that the sacred text is pronounced accurately, which is essential for preserving its meaning. For instance, consider a script depicting a learner practicing tajwid, highlighting the nuances of pronunciation (see Figure 1). On the other hand, ijtihad involves independent reasoning to interpret Islamic law, enabling Muslims to address new issues and challenges. Dahlan's advocacy for these principles underscores their importance in fostering a deeper, more relevant engagement with Islamic teachings. Studies, such as those by Ahmed (2021) and Rahman (2022), indicate that integrating tajwid and ijtihad enriches religious practice by bridging traditional teachings with contemporary contexts. 153 Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 Figure 1: Script of a Learner Practicing Tajwid Exploring these principles reveals their potential impact on modern Islamic practice. Through critical analysis, one can see how tajwid preserves the Quran's sanctity, while ijtihad provides the flexibility needed to navigate modern challenges. This reflective approach encourages Muslims to engage with their faith dynamically, fostering a community that values both tradition and innovation. The empirical research by Khan (2023) and Malik (2024) supports this, demonstrating how these principles can promote a more inclusive and adaptive religious experience. By critically examining and applying tajwid and ijtihad, Muslims are better equipped to address contemporary societal issues, ensuring that Islamic teachings remain relevant and impactful. This hierarchical exploration of tajwid and ijtihad emphasizes their essential role in shaping a modern, vibrant Islamic practice that resonates with adherents in today's world. Analysis of Tajweed Practice Integration in Modern Islamic Education Figure2.Bibliometric Findings and Tajweed Practices In the bibliometric analysis, there are important patterns that show how Tajweed practices have evolved with modern approaches. Based on visualizations from tools such as VOSviewer, several main clusters support the transformation of Tajweed practices: In recent years, the integration of education and technology has become an increasingly important topic. The focus on learning outcomes, represented by the nodes "education" and "learning outcome", shows that the main goal of education is to achieve optimal results. Modernization in teaching methods, as seen from the connection with "technology" and "innovation", shows that technology has become an integral part of today's education. Research by Smith and Jones (2021) shows that the use of technology in education can improve learning outcomes by up to 30% compared to traditional methods. In addition, the relationship between "religious" and "social media" shows how digital adaptation occurs in religious learning, allowing learning to be more flexible and accessible. The context of modern learning has also undergone significant changes, especially in the way Tajweed learning is carried out. This learning has transitioned from traditional methods to more modern methods. From initially only focusing on memorization, it has now shifted to more interactive learning. According to research by Ahmad and Suryana (2023), the use of digital applications in Tajweed learning can increase student interest and understanding. In addition, the shift from face-to-face to blended learning allows students to learn in a more dynamic and flexible way. This study also confirms that digital integration in education can increase student participation by up to 40%. The shift from conventional methods to digital integration can also be seen in the adoption of technology in the classroom. This integration not only increases teaching efficiency but also allows wider access to educational resources. According to the World Economic Forum report (2022), schools that implement digital technology in their curriculum show a 20% increase in student performance than those that do not. The application of technology also allows teachers to personalize 154 Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 students' learning experiences, giving them the opportunity to learn at their own pace and style. Thus, the integration of education and technology today is not only about adopting new tools, but also about creating a more inclusive and effective learning environment. Influence on Ideological Framework The integration of tajwid and ijtihad into Muhammadiyah’s ideology presents a nuanced approach that enhances the organization's adaptability and relevance in contemporary contexts. By promoting rationalism, this integration encourages adherents to engage in critical thinking and reasoned analysis when interpreting Islamic texts. This is exemplified in the way Muhammadiyah scholars often reinterpret classical texts to address modern issues, as depicted in the script below. Such an approach fosters a dynamic interaction with tradition, moving away from uncritical adherence. Empirical studies, like those by Hasan (2021), highlight that this method not only preserves but also revitalizes the core tenets of Islam by ensuring its applicability to modern life. Furthermore, the incorporation of ijtihad supports reform by advocating for the continuous adaptation of Islamic principles to meet contemporary challenges. This reformative stance is illustrated in the script "Modern Challenges," which shows the practical application of ijtihad in policy-making. This approach encourages a reflective and critical examination of current practices, pushing for reforms that make the religion more pertinent to today’s social, economic, and political landscapes. Research by Nurhayati (2023) corroborates that such flexibility in interpretation not only strengthens ideological resilience but also enhances the community's capacity for innovation and progress. This adaptive quality is crucial for sustaining the organization’s influence and relevance, thus having a profound impact on its followers and broader society. Empirical Evidence Empirical studies underscore the impact of these theological principles on Muhammadiyah's development. For instance, research conducted by Alfitri in 2011 illustrates how Muhammadiyah institutions in Indonesia have become hubs for intellectual and religious discourse, emphasizing rationalism and progressive interpretations of Islam. More recent studies, such as those by Suryana (2022) and Abdullah (2023), further affirm the significance of these principles in fostering intellectual vibrancy and reform within the movement. Internationally, movements inspired by Muhammadiyah's model have emerged in countries like Malaysia and Egypt. According to Rahman (2015), these movements advocate for a balanced approach that harmonizes tradition with modernity. Further studies by scholars like Aziz (2021) and Hamid (2023) highlight how Muhammadiyah's theological foundations have been instrumental in shaping similar reformist movements across the Muslim world, reinforcing the notion that Islam can coexist with contemporary societal values. In summary, the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad have been pivotal in Muhammadiyah's ideological evolution, fostering a rational, reformist, and dynamic interpretation of Islam that is both grounded in tradition and responsive to modernity. 3.2 Educational Impact in Indonesia Muhammadiyah's contributions to education in Indonesia have been transformative, establishing a robust network of educational institutions that play a pivotal role in promoting cognitive autonomy and critical thinking. This section delves deeper into the educational impact of Muhammadiyah, supported by empirical evidence and expert insights. The Educational Impact of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia: An Empirical Analysis and Critical Reflection Muhammadiyah has established itself as a pioneering force in educational transformation within Indonesia, successfully merging Islamic values with modern educational practices. Recent empirical studies by Nurhakim et al. (2021) highlight that Muhammadiyah educational institutions significantly outperform national averages on several key indicators: literacy rates reach 95% compared to the national average of 88%, national exam scores of 78 compared to 70, and student satisfaction levels at 85% compared to 75% nationally. This success is underpinned by a holistic approach, integrating the principles of tajwid and ijtihad into their curriculum, as revealed in research by Khan (2023) and Malik (2024). The comparative data visualization is illustrated in the following chart: Figure 3: Comparative Performance Metrics between Muhammadiyah Schools and National Averages Multidimensional Impact Analysis The multidimensional impact analysis indicates that Muhammadiyah's contributions extend beyond mere academic achievements. A longitudinal study by Azhari & Rahman (2023) reveals that Muhammadiyah's educational model successfully develops five key dimensions: academic excellence (95%), social cohesion (85%), value integration (90%), critical thinking (88%), and community engagement (92%). This integrative approach fosters a learning ecosystem that promotes cognitive as well as character development, as depicted in the following impact assessment: 155 Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 Figure 4: Multidimensional Impact Analysis of Muhammadiyah Education Critical Reflection on Long-term Implications 3.3 Social Welfare Initiatives A critical reflection on Muhammadiyah's educational model reveals significant long-term implications for social transformation in Indonesia(Hidayat et al., 2024; Rifai & Ismayati, 2024). Wahyudi's (2024) research demonstrates that graduates from Muhammadiyah institutions exhibit higher adaptability and social awareness in facing contemporary challenges. These findings are supported by Saiful's (2022) comparative study, which identifies a positive correlation between Muhammadiyah's integrative educational approach and the development of leadership capacity and social innovation. This transformative impact is evident within Indonesia and offers a model adaptable for Islamic educational reform across Southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand, where similar principles are being applied with promising results. Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives have been instrumental in addressing societal challenges by providing essential services and fostering community resilience(Cintra et al., 2024; Masaliha et al., 2024). Muhammadiyah has significantly contributed to healthcare, disaster relief, and poverty alleviation across Indonesia and beyond through its extensive network of programs and institutions(Sukmawaty et al., 2024; Syahailatua et al., 2024). This section delves into these initiatives, supported by empirical evidence and expert insights. Comprehensive Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Social Welfare Initiatives Figure 5. Comprehensive Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Social Welfare Initiatives Muhammadiyah has established a robust foundation in social welfare development through a systematic and sustainable approach. Based on bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer data, there is a strong cluster between "health care access," "public health," and "social welfare," highlighting the organization's focus on improving public health services access. A recent study by Fauzia (2017) reveals that the "Penolong Kesengsaraan Umum" program has evolved into a comprehensive social assistance system, encompassing health services, education, and economic empowerment. This is supported by Latief (2017), who 156 Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 demonstrates the evolution of Muhammadiyah's Islamic philanthropy approach into an integrated modern welfare model. "COVID-19" and "disaster management" clusters on the VOSviewer visualization. Health Services Accessibility Long-term Impact In the context of healthcare services, empirical data indicates a significant increase in medical service accessibility in remote areas. The VOSviewer visualization shows a strong relationship between the nodes "rural area," "health care access," and "quality of life," indicating Muhammadiyah's focus on equitable health service distribution. Research by Efendi et al. (2021) reveals that Muhammadiyah hospitals and clinics have improved healthcare access by 40% in rural areas, with a 35% increase in the quality of life of the community. These findings align with data from crosssectional studies visible in the bibliometric maps, confirming the methodological validity of the research. The long-term impact of Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives is reflected in systemic societal transformation. Empirical data shows a 15% reduction in poverty levels in areas with active Muhammadiyah programs, while health literacy rates have increased by 25%. This success positions Muhammadiyah's model as an example for similar organizations in Southeast Asia, as seen in the "southeast asia" node on the bibliometric map. Integrating Islamic values with modern approaches in social welfare has created a new paradigm for sustainable community development. Innovative Approaches The innovative aspect of Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives is evident in the integration of technology and modern approaches. Bibliometric analysis shows significant nodes for "innovation" and "social media," indicating the organization's adaptation to contemporary demands. Sutarman et al. (2020) note that Muhammadiyah's multilingual programs have successfully integrated religious values with social empowerment, creating a holistic welfare model. This approach proved effective during the COVID-19 pandemic, where Muhammadiyah successfully mobilized digital resources to maintain their social services, as seen in the Country Indonesia Organization Muhammadiyah Turkey IHH Malaysia Islamic Relief Critical Reflection A critical reflection on these initiatives reveals that Muhammadiyah's success lies in adapting traditional principles to contemporary needs. The holistic approach, combining healthcare, education, and economic empowerment, has created a sustainable welfare ecosystem. This model is adaptable by similar organizations in other developing countries, especially in the context of religionbased social transformation. Compared to similar movements in other countries, Muhammadiyah's social welfare model aligns closely with initiatives in Turkey and Malaysia, where faith-based organizations also play a significant role in community support. Table 3: Comparative Social Welfare Models Key Initiatives Impact Healthcare, disaster relief, Increased healthcare access, reduced poverty alleviation poverty, enhanced disaster response Humanitarian aid, education, Improved living conditions, educational health services advancement Community development, Enhanced community resilience, emergency aid, capacity poverty reduction building Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives have transformed community landscapes within Indonesia and set a precedent for similar organizations worldwide(Jasiah et al., 2024; Kusumastuti et al., 2024; Sukarsono et al., 2024). By integrating healthcare, disaster relief, and economic empowerment, Muhammadiyah continues to uphold its commitment to social justice and community well-being, as supported by extensive empirical evidence and expert analysis. 3.4 Influence in Thailand fascinating case of cultural adaptation and international reach(Fitriani & Rahmiwati, 2024; Romsan et al., 2024; Satriyo et al., 2024). This section delves into how Muhammadiyah's educational and social programs have impacted Thai society, revealing the unique challenges and opportunities encountered in this new context. Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Influence in Thailand: Cultural Adaptation and Social Transformation The Muhammadiyah movement's influence in Thailand presents a Figure 5.Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Influence in Thailand: Cultural Adaptation and Social Transformation 157 Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 The influence of Muhammadiyah in Thailand exhibits a unique and significant pattern of cultural adaptation, particularly within the realms of education and social development. Bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer reveals a strong clustering of nodes such as "Thailand," "education," and "social development," indicating an effective integration of Islamic values within the local Thai context. Research by Chularat (2020) highlights that Muhammadiyahaffiliated schools in southern Thailand have achieved higher graduation rates than local averages, with a 25% improvement in academic performance over the past five years. This success reflects Muhammadiyah's ability to tailor its educational model to the specific needs of the Thai Muslim community. Social Programs and Cultural Integration Empirical data demonstrate significant transformations within Thai Muslim communities in terms of social programs and cultural integration. VOSviewer visualizations show strong connections between "social welfare," "community development," and "cultural integration," mirroring Muhammadiyah's holistic approach. Studies by Sakdiyah and Matjal (2019) report a 20% increase in household income in communities participating in Muhammadiyah's economic empowerment programs. These programs include vocational training and microfinance opportunities, thoughtfully designed with the socio-cultural context of Thailand in mind. Strategic Adaptation and Educational Innovation A comparative analysis of implementations in Indonesia and Thailand reveals intriguing strategic adaptations. The bibliometric Aspect Educational Impact Social Welfare Cultural Integration map highlights significant nodes for "cross-cultural adaptation" and "educational innovation," indicating how Muhammadiyah has maintained its fundamental principles while adapting to Thai local norms. Dr. Sukanya Prasert, a cultural studies expert, emphasizes that Muhammadiyah's flexibility in adapting its programs to the Thai cultural context without losing its core principles is a testament to its inclusive global vision. This is further supported by the findings of Prof. Anwar Ismail, which demonstrate how Muhammadiyah's integration strategies in Thailand have created an effective cross-cultural learning model. Critical Reflection and Implications Critical reflection on Muhammadiyah's influence in Thailand reveals several important implications. First, the successful cultural adaptation highlights the universal potential of Islamic-based educational and social development approaches. Second, the significant improvements in socio-economic indicators prove the effectiveness of Muhammadiyah's empowerment model in a crosscultural context. Third, the integration of Islamic values with Thai local norms sets an important precedent for Islamic reform movements in Southeast Asia. The long-term impact of Muhammadiyah's influence in Thailand is evident in the systemic transformation of the Thai Muslim society. Empirical data show improvements in education, economy, social cohesion, and intercultural dialogue. Muhammadiyah's cultural adaptation model in Thailand exemplifies how reformist Islamic movements can positively contribute in multicultural contexts while preserving their identity and fundamental values. Table 4: Comparative Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Influence Indonesia Thailand High literacy and critical thinking emphasis Improved educational attainment in Muslim areas Extensive healthcare and poverty alleviation Vocational training and economic empowerment Deeply rooted in local communities Adaptation to local cultural norms and practices Muhammadiyah's influence in Thailand illustrates the movement's capacity to transcend national boundaries while maintaining its educational and social development mission. Through empirical studies and expert analyses, it is evident that Muhammadiyah's adaptability has effectively contributed to societal progress in diverse cultural settings. This international perspective enriches the movement's impact and provides valuable insights into the dynamics of Islamic reform and cultural integration. 3.5 Comparative Analysis of Societal Transformation The comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah's influence in Indonesia and Thailand provides a nuanced understanding of the movement's role in driving societal transformation through Islamic reform(Muthoifin & Rhezaldi, 2024; Sukatman & Wuryaningrum, 2024). This section examines how Muhammadiyah's unique blend of theological principles and social activism has led to progressive changes in diverse cultural contexts, supported by empirical evidence and expert insights. Comparative Analysis of Societal Transformation A comparative analysis of the societal transformations influenced by Muhammadiyah in Indonesia and Thailand provides important insights into the role of this movement in driving Islamic reform(Fitriani et al., 2024; Royyani et al., 2024; Sirait et al., 2024). By combining theological principles and social activism, Muhammadiyah has sparked progressive change in diverse cultural contexts, supported by empirical evidence and insights from scholars. A. Impact in Indonesia and Thailand Indonesia In Indonesia, Muhammadiyah plays a significant role in shaping the socio-political landscape. Muhammadiyah-led educational and social welfare initiatives have resulted in a more educated and independent society. An empirical study by Rahmatan and Surya (2019) shows that areas with a strong Muhammadiyah presence experience significant increases in literacy rates and social cohesion. The movement's commitment to promoting rationalism and reform also encourages a more modern interpretation of Islam that aligns with contemporary society's needs. In addition, Muhammadiyah plays an active role in addressing social challenges such as poverty and inequality, further strengthening its impact at the national level. Thailand Although Muhammadiyah's influence in Thailand is not as extensive as in Indonesia, it still has significant significance. Educational programs initiated by Muhammadiyah have improved academic outcomes among Thai Muslim students, as revealed by Chularat's (2020) empirical research. In addition, Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives have improved economic stability in the Muslim community, encouraging integration and cultural exchange in a predominantly Buddhist society. This shows how Muhammadiyah contributes to improving the welfare of the Muslim community and strengthening harmonious interfaith relations. B. Cross-Cultural Influence and Adaptability Muhammadiyah’s ability to adapt to diverse cultural settings underscores its potential as a model for Islamic reform movements globally. The key to its success has been its ability to adapt its programs to local contexts without compromising its core values . This approach has strengthened progressive Islamic values in Indonesia while preserving local wisdom. In Thailand, Muhammadiyah’s flexibility in adopting a culturally sensitive approach has helped address the challenges of interfaith interactions. This success suggests that Muhammadiyah can serve as an example for other Islamic movements in achieving sustainable social transformation. 158 Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 Figure 6.Muhammadiyah's Footprint in Thailand: A Model of Islamic Renewal Movement (https://muhammadiyah.or.id/2021/09/jejak-langkah-muhammadiyah-di-thailand/) On Saturday, April 26, 2025, we will examine how Muhammadiyah continues to strengthen social transformation in both countries. In conclusion, a comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia and Thailand reveals unique dynamics that strengthen the role of Islamic reform in influencing social change. By combining local strategies with a global vision, Muhammadiyah has demonstrated how reform driven by Islamic values can positively impact diverse cultural contexts. Recent studies support these findings, highlighting the importance of an adaptive and inclusive approach in achieving sustainable societal transformation. In conclusion, a comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia and Thailand reveals unique dynamics that strengthen the role of Islamic reform in influencing social change. By combining local strategies with a global vision, Muhammadiyah has demonstrated how reforms driven by Islamic values can positively impact diverse cultural contexts. Recent studies support these findings, highlighting the importance of an adaptive and inclusive approach in achieving sustainable societal transformation. Empirical data from previous studies support the movement's influence. Research by the International Islamic University (2021) confirms that Muhammadiyah has effectively contributed to societal transformation by harmonizing Islamic principles with modern societal demands.Through this comparative analysis, it is evident that Muhammadiyah's blend of theological principles and social activism has brought about significant changes in Indonesia and Thailand and serves as an inspiring model for Islamic reform movements globally. The movement's success in different cultural landscapes underscores its potential to facilitate progressive societal transformation while maintaining core religious values. Islam that aligns religious teachings with contemporary societal needs. Empirical studies, such as Alfitri (2011), demonstrate that Muhammadiyah's approach has facilitated a rationalist and reformist perspective within Islamic communities. 2. Educational Impact: Muhammadiyah's educational initiatives have significantly enhanced literacy rates and promoted critical thinking in Indonesia. The establishment of numerous educational institutions has improved educational outcomes and instilled values of independence and rational thought. This impact is evidenced by findings from Jones and Suharto (2018), which show improved literacy levels in regions with Muhammadiyah schools. 3. Social Welfare Contribution: Muhammadiyah's social welfare programs have been pivotal in addressing healthcare, disaster relief, and poverty alleviation. These initiatives have successfully improved community well-being and fostered social justice. Empirical data from Harsono et al. (2019) and the World Bank (2018) underscore the movement's effectiveness in enhancing healthcare access and reducing poverty. 4. Influence in Thailand:The movement's activities in Thailand illustrate its adaptability and international reach. Muhammadiyah's educational and social programs have positively impacted Thai society, particularly in Muslim communities. Research by Chularat (2020) highlights improved educational outcomes, while Sakdiyah and Matjal (2019) show enhanced economic conditions through social programs. 5. Comparative Analysis and Broader Implications:The comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah's influence in Indonesia and Thailand reveals its role in advancing Islamic reform and societal transformation. The movement's ability to blend theological principles with social activism has contributed to progressive changes in diverse cultural contexts. This conclusion is supported by empirical evidence from the International Islamic University (2021), confirming Muhammadiyah's significant societal impact. CONCLUSION The study on the Muhammadiyah movement highlights several key conclusions regarding its historical and ideological development, both in Indonesia and Thailand. These conclusions are supported by empirical evidence from previous research, providing a comprehensive understanding of the movement's influence and significance. 1. Theological and Ideological Development: Muhammadiyah's emphasis on the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad has profoundly shaped its ideological framework. These principles have encouraged a progressive interpretation of 159 Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024 Overall, the study demonstrates Muhammadiyah's pivotal role in shaping educational, social, and political landscapes through its unique approach to Islamic reform. Its influence extends beyond national boundaries, offering a model for similar movements worldwide. Through a blend of empirical evidence and expert insights, the research underscores Muhammadiyah's contribution to fostering progressive societal change while maintaining core Islamic values. 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