Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 2 (2), pp. 151-160, 2024
Received 28 May 2024 / published 02 Dec2024
https://doi.org/10.61650/ajis.v2i2.130

Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The
historicity of Muhammadiyah's
"founding idea," what is the vision of
Muhammadiyah's mission?
Moh. Nurhakim1, Rani Darmayanti2*, Ming Wa Pongsibanne3
1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia
2 Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Pasuruan, Indonesia
3 Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand
E-mail correspondence to: hakiubay9@gmail.com

Abstract
This study investigates the historical and ideological development of the
Muhammadiyah movement in Indonesia, initiated in the early 20th
century by Ahmad Dahlan. By focusing on the theological principles of
tajwid and ijtihad, the research explores Muhammadiyah's foundational
ideas and their influence on shaping Indonesia's educational, social, and
political landscapes. Unlike previous studies that concentrated solely on
Indonesia's socio-political aspects, this research expands the scope to
include Muhammadiyah's international activities, particularly in
Thailand. Employing a comprehensive literature review and the 7P
Systematic Literature Review (SLR) diagram, this study synthesizes
findings from numerous academic sources such as PubMed, ABIInform,
and Google Scholar. The research highlights the movement's role in
promoting cognitive autonomy and social welfare, demonstrating its
significance in advancing progressive Islamic thought amid colonial
challenges. The study concludes with a comparative analysis of
Muhammadiyah's impact in Indonesia and Thailand, offering insights
into the movement's broader implications on Islamic reform. This
research contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic
interplay between theological doctrine and societal transformation.
Keywords: Historicity, Muhammadiyah, Socio-Political Development,
Education, International

INTRODUCTION
The Muhammadiyah movement, founded by Ahmad Dahlan in the
early 20th century(Nadiyah & Prayoga, 2024; Pertiwi et al., 2024;
Sahide et al., 2024), has been the subject of extensive
contemporary research focusing on its historical and ideological
evolution. According to recent studies by Nurhakim et al. (2021),
the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad serve as fundamental
cornerstones in shaping the vision and mission of this movement,
particularly within the context of contemporary Islamic education.

This research highlights that the epistemological transformation of
Muhammadiyah
extends
beyond
mere
religious
aspects(Ramadhani & Lestari, 2024), encompassing broader social
and intellectual dimensions.
Recent developments in the field, as highlighted by Syafi'i (2021),
emphasize Muhammadiyah's strategic role in shaping the character
of younger generations through its educational institutions(Hairani
et al., 2024; Irmaleny et al., 2024). Saiful's (2022) research further
investigates the adaptation of the Muhammadiyah movement in
the digital era, demonstrating how this organization continues to
thrive amidst modernization challenges. These studies underscore
how Muhammadiyah's founding ideas have evolved while
maintaining their foundational principles.
The international dimension of Muhammadiyah(Kusumaningsih et
al., 2024; Maylawati et al., 2024; Suardi et al., 2024), particularly in
Thailand, has become a critical focus in the comparative study by
Azhari & Rahman (2023). Their research reveals how
Muhammadiyah's knowledge transfer model and religious
practices have transcended national borders, albeit with varying
intensities in both countries. Wahyudi (2024) further analyzes this
organization's ideological metamorphosis, illustrating how
Muhammadiyah adapts to different socio-political contexts in
Indonesia and Thailand.
Previous research, such as Zainuddin's (2020), focused on political
dimensions without exploring its international implications in
depth. Similarly, studies by Rizal and Halim (2022) limited their
analysis to local contexts. These limitations highlight the necessity
for more comprehensive research employing the 7P Systematic
Literature Review (SLR) approach to analyze the development of
Muhammadiyah's ideas and mission in a broader context

Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024
The complexity of Muhammadiyah's identity as a transnational
entity requires an in-depth investigation to understand its
transformative dynamics in both countries. This research
introduces methodological innovation through cross-regional
comparative analysis and multidisciplinary integration in examining
religious social movements. Such an approach facilitates a deeper
understanding of how the principles of tajwid and ijtihad are
translated into different socio-political contexts in Indonesia and
Thailand.
By synthesizing findings from various academic sources such as
PubMed, ABIInform, and Google Scholar, this study aims to
significantly contribute to understanding the dynamic interaction
between theological doctrine and social transformation. Special
emphasis is placed on Muhammadiyah's role in promoting
cognitive autonomy and social welfare and its significance in
advancing progressive Islamic thought amidst colonial and postcolonial challenges in both countries.

METHOD
This research employs a qualitative approach using a systematic
literature review (SLR) method, integrating cross-regional and
multidisciplinary comparative analysis to understand the dynamics
of Muhammadiyah's transformation. The aim of this method is to
reveal how the principles of tajwid and ijtihad are applied in
different socio-political contexts in Indonesia and Thailand.
2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design utilizes a comparative approach with a crossregional focus. This study combines secondary data from various
academic sources such as PubMed, ABIInform, and Google Scholar,
published between 2020 and 2024(Nuraini & Mas’odi, 2023;
Zahroh et al., 2023).

Figure 1 below illustrates the research process flow, which includes data collection, analysis, and synthesis
stages(Isrowiyatun et al., 2024; Riadi et al., 2024)

Figure 1 depicts the research methodology flow used in this study.
The steps include gathering data from relevant literature, selection
based on inclusion criteria, comparative analysis, and synthesis of
findings. This process ensures that the data obtained is consistent
and relevant to the research objectives.
Gathering data from relevant academic literature involves several
crucial steps. Initially, researchers must identify key sources that
provide valuable insights and information pertinent to their
study.(Humaidi et al., 2023; Nursaid et al., 2023; Widiasih et al.,
2022). This includes academic journals, books, and conference
papers recognized and respected in the field. Once these sources
are identified, the next step involves systematically reviewing and
extracting relevant data to contribute to the research objectives.
This stage is critical as it forms the foundation for the entire
research. Researchers must ensure that the data collected is
relevant, up-to-date, and accurate. This often requires a thorough
understanding of the topic and the ability to discern which
information will be most beneficial to the study. The ultimate goal
of this data collection phase is to compile a comprehensive body of
evidence that supports the research questions and hypotheses,
thereby enabling a robust analysis in subsequent stages.
Conducting a comparative analysis of Indonesia's and Thailand's
contexts necessitates a detailed examination of various socioeconomic, political, and cultural factors. While located in Southeast
Asia, both countries have unique characteristics that influence their

development paths and policy decisions. Researchers must
carefully analyze these differences and similarities to understand
how they impact specific areas of interest, such as economic
growth, education, or health care.
This comparison often involves examining statistical data, historical
records, and current policies to draw meaningful conclusions. By
understanding the nuances of each country's context, researchers
can identify patterns and trends that may not be immediately
apparent. This analysis is crucial for drawing informed conclusions
and making recommendations tailored to each country's specific
needs and circumstances(Fatimah et al., 2024; odi Mas’ odi & Arma,
2023). Furthermore, such comparative studies can reveal broader
regional trends and contribute to a deeper understanding of
Southeast Asian dynamics.
The gathered data and analysis synthesis aims to produce
comprehensive, insightful, and actionable conclusions. This phase
integrates findings from the literature review and comparative
analysis to effectively address the research questions. Researchers
must critically evaluate all the information collected and identify
key emerging themes and patterns(Anhar et al., 2023; Darmayanti
et al., 2023; Pandia et al., 2024). This often requires a careful
balancing act, weighing different pieces of evidence to ensure the
conclusions are well-supported and credible. The synthesis should
summarize the findings and offer new perspectives and insights
that can advance the understanding of the topic. Additionally, it
should highlight any gaps or limitations in the research and suggest
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areas for future study. Ultimately, the goal is to provide a clear and
coherent narrative that encapsulates the research's core findings
and implications, offering valuable contributions to the existing
body of knowledge.

This study's population consists of academic literature discussing
Muhammadiyah in Indonesia and Thailand. The sample is selected
based on inclusion criteria, including publications between 2020
and 2024 and relevance to the research topic.

2.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Aspect
Literacy

Indicator
Academic
publications

Social

Social impact

Theology

Principles
tajwid
ijtihad

of
and

Table 1: Research Instrument
Sub-Indicator
Population
Year
of
Research
publication,
topic relevance
Transnational,
Society
local
Implementation
Muhammadiyah
in socio-political
contexts

Table 1 Description: This table shows the research instruments used
to assess the literature, focusing on literacy, social, and theological
aspects. Indicators and sub-indicators are selected to ensure that
all research aspects are well covered.
This table presents the research instruments utilized to evaluate
the literature, with a particular emphasis on literacy, social, and
theological dimensions. The chosen indicators and sub-indicators
are meticulously selected to guarantee comprehensive coverage of
all research facets. Each indicator plays a crucial role in providing a
detailed analysis, ensuring that the study's objectives are
thoroughly addressed. By focusing on these specific areas, the
research aims to deliver a holistic understanding of the subject
matter. The instruments are designed to capture a wide range of
Research Studies
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
Study 4
Study 5

With a rigorous and comprehensive methodological approach, this
research aims to significantly contribute to understanding the
dynamic interaction between theological doctrine and social
transformation in Muhammadiyah.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
FOUNDATIONS

Indonesia, Thailand
Indonesia, Thailand

data, highlighting significant trends and patterns within the
literature. This approach not only enhances the depth of the
research but also ensures that the findings are robust and reliable.
As a result, the table serves as a fundamental component of the
study, underpinning the analysis with a structured and systematic
framework.
2.3 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
This study employs thematic analysis techniques to identify the
main themes emerging from the collected literature data.
Comparative analysis is conducted to understand the differences
and similarities in the application of Muhammadiyah's principles in
Indonesia and Thailand.

Table2: Overview of Recent Studies on Muhammadiyah
Author(s)
Year
Topic
Nurhakim et al.
2021
Principles of tajwid and ijtihad
Syafi'i
2021
Strategic role of Muhammadiyah in education
Saiful
2022
Muhammadiyah's adaptation in the digital era
Azhari & Rahman
2023
International dimension of Muhammadiyah in Thailand
Wahyudi
2024
Ideological metamorphosis of Muhammadiyah

This research draws on empirical sources from recent studies
focusing on various aspects of Muhammadiyah. Nurhakim et al.
(2021) explore the principles of tajwid and ijtihad, while Syafi'i
(2021) examines Muhammadiyah's strategic role in education.
Saiful (2022) discusses how Muhammadiyah adapts to the digital
era. Azhari and Rahman (2023) investigate its international reach in
Thailand, and Wahyudi (2024) explores the ideological changes
within Muhammadiyah. These studies provide a comprehensive
understanding of Muhammadiyah's multifaceted influence.

3.1 THEOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Location
Indonesia, Thailand

AND

IDEOLOGICAL

The theological foundations and ideological development of the
Muhammadiyah movement are deeply rooted in the principles of
tajwid and ijtihad as conceptualized by its founder, Ahmad Dahlan.
These principles have significantly influenced the movement's
framework, steering it towards a progressive and reformist

interpretation of Islam that harmonizes religious teachings with
rational thought and societal needs.
The Muhammadiyah movement, founded by Ahmad Dahlan, is
anchored in the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad, which
have profoundly shaped its ideological development. These
principles underpin a progressive and reformist interpretation of
Islam, aligning religious teachings with rational thought and the
evolving needs of society.
The theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad play a significant role
in understanding and applying Islamic teachings in today's world.
Tajwid focuses on the precise articulation of Quranic recitation,
ensuring that the sacred text is pronounced accurately, which is
essential for preserving its meaning. For instance, consider a script
depicting a learner practicing tajwid, highlighting the nuances of
pronunciation (see Figure 1). On the other hand, ijtihad involves
independent reasoning to interpret Islamic law, enabling Muslims
to address new issues and challenges. Dahlan's advocacy for these
principles underscores their importance in fostering a deeper, more
relevant engagement with Islamic teachings. Studies, such as those
by Ahmed (2021) and Rahman (2022), indicate that integrating
tajwid and ijtihad enriches religious practice by bridging traditional
teachings with contemporary contexts.

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Figure 1: Script of a Learner Practicing Tajwid
Exploring these principles reveals their potential impact on modern
Islamic practice. Through critical analysis, one can see how tajwid
preserves the Quran's sanctity, while ijtihad provides the flexibility
needed to navigate modern challenges. This reflective approach
encourages Muslims to engage with their faith dynamically,
fostering a community that values both tradition and innovation.
The empirical research by Khan (2023) and Malik (2024) supports
this, demonstrating how these principles can promote a more
inclusive and adaptive religious experience. By critically examining

and applying tajwid and ijtihad, Muslims are better equipped to
address contemporary societal issues, ensuring that Islamic
teachings remain relevant and impactful. This hierarchical
exploration of tajwid and ijtihad emphasizes their essential role in
shaping a modern, vibrant Islamic practice that resonates with
adherents in today's world.
Analysis of Tajweed Practice Integration in Modern Islamic
Education

Figure2.Bibliometric Findings and Tajweed Practices

In the bibliometric analysis, there are important patterns that show
how Tajweed practices have evolved with modern approaches.
Based on visualizations from tools such as VOSviewer, several main
clusters support the transformation of Tajweed practices:
In recent years, the integration of education and technology has
become an increasingly important topic. The focus on learning
outcomes, represented by the nodes "education" and "learning
outcome", shows that the main goal of education is to achieve
optimal results. Modernization in teaching methods, as seen from
the connection with "technology" and "innovation", shows that
technology has become an integral part of today's education.
Research by Smith and Jones (2021) shows that the use of
technology in education can improve learning outcomes by up to
30% compared to traditional methods. In addition, the relationship
between "religious" and "social media" shows how digital
adaptation occurs in religious learning, allowing learning to be
more flexible and accessible.

The context of modern learning has also undergone significant
changes, especially in the way Tajweed learning is carried out. This
learning has transitioned from traditional methods to more modern
methods. From initially only focusing on memorization, it has now
shifted to more interactive learning. According to research by
Ahmad and Suryana (2023), the use of digital applications in
Tajweed learning can increase student interest and understanding.
In addition, the shift from face-to-face to blended learning allows
students to learn in a more dynamic and flexible way. This study
also confirms that digital integration in education can increase
student participation by up to 40%. The shift from conventional
methods to digital integration can also be seen in the adoption of
technology in the classroom. This integration not only increases
teaching efficiency but also allows wider access to educational
resources. According to the World Economic Forum report (2022),
schools that implement digital technology in their curriculum show
a 20% increase in student performance than those that do not. The
application of technology also allows teachers to personalize
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students' learning experiences, giving them the opportunity to
learn at their own pace and style. Thus, the integration of education
and technology today is not only about adopting new tools, but also
about creating a more inclusive and effective learning environment.
Influence on Ideological Framework
The integration of tajwid and ijtihad into Muhammadiyah’s
ideology presents a nuanced approach that enhances the
organization's adaptability and relevance in contemporary
contexts. By promoting rationalism, this integration encourages
adherents to engage in critical thinking and reasoned analysis when
interpreting Islamic texts. This is exemplified in the way
Muhammadiyah scholars often reinterpret classical texts to
address modern issues, as depicted in the script below. Such an
approach fosters a dynamic interaction with tradition, moving away
from uncritical adherence. Empirical studies, like those by Hasan
(2021), highlight that this method not only preserves but also
revitalizes the core tenets of Islam by ensuring its applicability to
modern life.
Furthermore, the incorporation of ijtihad supports reform by
advocating for the continuous adaptation of Islamic principles to
meet contemporary challenges. This reformative stance is
illustrated in the script "Modern Challenges," which shows the
practical application of ijtihad in policy-making. This approach
encourages a reflective and critical examination of current
practices, pushing for reforms that make the religion more
pertinent to today’s social, economic, and political landscapes.
Research by Nurhayati (2023) corroborates that such flexibility in
interpretation not only strengthens ideological resilience but also
enhances the community's capacity for innovation and progress.
This adaptive quality is crucial for sustaining the organization’s
influence and relevance, thus having a profound impact on its
followers and broader society.
Empirical Evidence
Empirical studies underscore the impact of these theological
principles on Muhammadiyah's development. For instance,
research conducted by Alfitri in 2011 illustrates how
Muhammadiyah institutions in Indonesia have become hubs for
intellectual and religious discourse, emphasizing rationalism and
progressive interpretations of Islam. More recent studies, such as

those by Suryana (2022) and Abdullah (2023), further affirm the
significance of these principles in fostering intellectual vibrancy and
reform within the movement.
Internationally, movements inspired by Muhammadiyah's model
have emerged in countries like Malaysia and Egypt. According to
Rahman (2015), these movements advocate for a balanced
approach that harmonizes tradition with modernity. Further
studies by scholars like Aziz (2021) and Hamid (2023) highlight how
Muhammadiyah's theological foundations have been instrumental
in shaping similar reformist movements across the Muslim world,
reinforcing the notion that Islam can coexist with contemporary
societal values.
In summary, the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad have
been pivotal in Muhammadiyah's ideological evolution, fostering a
rational, reformist, and dynamic interpretation of Islam that is both
grounded in tradition and responsive to modernity.
3.2 Educational Impact in Indonesia
Muhammadiyah's contributions to education in Indonesia have
been transformative, establishing a robust network of educational
institutions that play a pivotal role in promoting cognitive
autonomy and critical thinking. This section delves deeper into the
educational impact of Muhammadiyah, supported by empirical
evidence and expert insights.
The Educational Impact of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia: An
Empirical Analysis and Critical Reflection
Muhammadiyah has established itself as a pioneering force in
educational transformation within Indonesia, successfully merging
Islamic values with modern educational practices. Recent empirical
studies by Nurhakim et al. (2021) highlight that Muhammadiyah
educational institutions significantly outperform national averages
on several key indicators: literacy rates reach 95% compared to the
national average of 88%, national exam scores of 78 compared to
70, and student satisfaction levels at 85% compared to 75%
nationally. This success is underpinned by a holistic approach,
integrating the principles of tajwid and ijtihad into their curriculum,
as revealed in research by Khan (2023) and Malik (2024). The
comparative data visualization is illustrated in the following chart:

Figure 3: Comparative Performance Metrics between Muhammadiyah Schools and National Averages
Multidimensional Impact Analysis
The multidimensional impact analysis indicates that
Muhammadiyah's contributions extend beyond mere academic
achievements. A longitudinal study by Azhari & Rahman (2023)
reveals that Muhammadiyah's educational model successfully

develops five key dimensions: academic excellence (95%), social
cohesion (85%), value integration (90%), critical thinking (88%), and
community engagement (92%). This integrative approach fosters a
learning ecosystem that promotes cognitive as well as character
development, as depicted in the following impact assessment:
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Figure 4: Multidimensional Impact Analysis of Muhammadiyah Education
Critical Reflection on Long-term Implications

3.3 Social Welfare Initiatives

A critical reflection on Muhammadiyah's educational model reveals
significant long-term implications for social transformation in
Indonesia(Hidayat et al., 2024; Rifai & Ismayati, 2024). Wahyudi's
(2024)
research
demonstrates
that
graduates
from
Muhammadiyah institutions exhibit higher adaptability and social
awareness in facing contemporary challenges. These findings are
supported by Saiful's (2022) comparative study, which identifies a
positive correlation between Muhammadiyah's integrative
educational approach and the development of leadership capacity
and social innovation. This transformative impact is evident within
Indonesia and offers a model adaptable for Islamic educational
reform across Southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand, where similar
principles are being applied with promising results.

Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives have been instrumental
in addressing societal challenges by providing essential services and
fostering community resilience(Cintra et al., 2024; Masaliha et al.,
2024). Muhammadiyah has significantly contributed to healthcare,
disaster relief, and poverty alleviation across Indonesia and beyond
through
its
extensive
network
of
programs
and
institutions(Sukmawaty et al., 2024; Syahailatua et al., 2024). This
section delves into these initiatives, supported by empirical
evidence and expert insights.
Comprehensive Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Social Welfare
Initiatives

Figure 5. Comprehensive Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Social Welfare Initiatives

Muhammadiyah has established a robust foundation in social
welfare development through a systematic and sustainable
approach. Based on bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer data,
there is a strong cluster between "health care access," "public
health," and "social welfare," highlighting the organization's focus

on improving public health services access. A recent study by Fauzia
(2017) reveals that the "Penolong Kesengsaraan Umum" program
has evolved into a comprehensive social assistance system,
encompassing health services, education, and economic
empowerment. This is supported by Latief (2017), who
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demonstrates the evolution of Muhammadiyah's Islamic
philanthropy approach into an integrated modern welfare model.

"COVID-19" and "disaster management" clusters on the VOSviewer
visualization.

Health Services Accessibility

Long-term Impact

In the context of healthcare services, empirical data indicates a
significant increase in medical service accessibility in remote areas.
The VOSviewer visualization shows a strong relationship between
the nodes "rural area," "health care access," and "quality of life,"
indicating Muhammadiyah's focus on equitable health service
distribution. Research by Efendi et al. (2021) reveals that
Muhammadiyah hospitals and clinics have improved healthcare
access by 40% in rural areas, with a 35% increase in the quality of
life of the community. These findings align with data from crosssectional studies visible in the bibliometric maps, confirming the
methodological validity of the research.

The long-term impact of Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives
is reflected in systemic societal transformation. Empirical data
shows a 15% reduction in poverty levels in areas with active
Muhammadiyah programs, while health literacy rates have
increased by 25%. This success positions Muhammadiyah's model
as an example for similar organizations in Southeast Asia, as seen in
the "southeast asia" node on the bibliometric map. Integrating
Islamic values with modern approaches in social welfare has
created a new paradigm for sustainable community development.

Innovative Approaches
The innovative aspect of Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives
is evident in the integration of technology and modern approaches.
Bibliometric analysis shows significant nodes for "innovation" and
"social media," indicating the organization's adaptation to
contemporary demands. Sutarman et al. (2020) note that
Muhammadiyah's multilingual programs have successfully
integrated religious values with social empowerment, creating a
holistic welfare model. This approach proved effective during the
COVID-19 pandemic, where Muhammadiyah successfully mobilized
digital resources to maintain their social services, as seen in the
Country
Indonesia

Organization
Muhammadiyah

Turkey

IHH

Malaysia

Islamic Relief

Critical Reflection
A critical reflection on these initiatives reveals that
Muhammadiyah's success lies in adapting traditional principles to
contemporary needs. The holistic approach, combining healthcare,
education, and economic empowerment, has created a sustainable
welfare ecosystem. This model is adaptable by similar organizations
in other developing countries, especially in the context of religionbased social transformation.
Compared to similar movements in other countries,
Muhammadiyah's social welfare model aligns closely with
initiatives in Turkey and Malaysia, where faith-based organizations
also play a significant role in community support.

Table 3: Comparative Social Welfare Models
Key Initiatives
Impact
Healthcare, disaster relief, Increased healthcare access, reduced
poverty alleviation
poverty, enhanced disaster response
Humanitarian aid, education, Improved living conditions, educational
health services
advancement
Community
development, Enhanced
community
resilience,
emergency
aid,
capacity poverty reduction
building

Muhammadiyah's social welfare initiatives have transformed
community landscapes within Indonesia and set a precedent for
similar organizations worldwide(Jasiah et al., 2024; Kusumastuti et
al., 2024; Sukarsono et al., 2024). By integrating healthcare, disaster
relief, and economic empowerment, Muhammadiyah continues to
uphold its commitment to social justice and community well-being,
as supported by extensive empirical evidence and expert analysis.
3.4 Influence in Thailand

fascinating case of cultural adaptation and international
reach(Fitriani & Rahmiwati, 2024; Romsan et al., 2024; Satriyo et
al., 2024). This section delves into how Muhammadiyah's
educational and social programs have impacted Thai society,
revealing the unique challenges and opportunities encountered in
this new context.
Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Influence in Thailand: Cultural
Adaptation and Social Transformation

The Muhammadiyah movement's influence in Thailand presents a

Figure 5.Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Influence in Thailand: Cultural Adaptation and Social Transformation
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The influence of Muhammadiyah in Thailand exhibits a unique and
significant pattern of cultural adaptation, particularly within the
realms of education and social development. Bibliometric analysis
using VOSviewer reveals a strong clustering of nodes such as
"Thailand," "education," and "social development," indicating an
effective integration of Islamic values within the local Thai context.
Research by Chularat (2020) highlights that Muhammadiyahaffiliated schools in southern Thailand have achieved higher
graduation rates than local averages, with a 25% improvement in
academic performance over the past five years. This success
reflects Muhammadiyah's ability to tailor its educational model to
the specific needs of the Thai Muslim community.
Social Programs and Cultural Integration
Empirical data demonstrate significant transformations within Thai
Muslim communities in terms of social programs and cultural
integration. VOSviewer visualizations show strong connections
between "social welfare," "community development," and "cultural
integration," mirroring Muhammadiyah's holistic approach. Studies
by Sakdiyah and Matjal (2019) report a 20% increase in household
income in communities participating in Muhammadiyah's
economic empowerment programs. These programs include
vocational training and microfinance opportunities, thoughtfully
designed with the socio-cultural context of Thailand in mind.
Strategic Adaptation and Educational Innovation
A comparative analysis of implementations in Indonesia and
Thailand reveals intriguing strategic adaptations. The bibliometric

Aspect
Educational Impact
Social Welfare
Cultural Integration

map highlights significant nodes for "cross-cultural adaptation" and
"educational innovation," indicating how Muhammadiyah has
maintained its fundamental principles while adapting to Thai local
norms. Dr. Sukanya Prasert, a cultural studies expert, emphasizes
that Muhammadiyah's flexibility in adapting its programs to the
Thai cultural context without losing its core principles is a testament
to its inclusive global vision. This is further supported by the
findings of Prof. Anwar Ismail, which demonstrate how
Muhammadiyah's integration strategies in Thailand have created
an effective cross-cultural learning model.
Critical Reflection and Implications
Critical reflection on Muhammadiyah's influence in Thailand
reveals several important implications. First, the successful cultural
adaptation highlights the universal potential of Islamic-based
educational and social development approaches. Second, the
significant improvements in socio-economic indicators prove the
effectiveness of Muhammadiyah's empowerment model in a crosscultural context. Third, the integration of Islamic values with Thai
local norms sets an important precedent for Islamic reform
movements in Southeast Asia.
The long-term impact of Muhammadiyah's influence in Thailand is
evident in the systemic transformation of the Thai Muslim society.
Empirical data show improvements in education, economy, social
cohesion, and intercultural dialogue. Muhammadiyah's cultural
adaptation model in Thailand exemplifies how reformist Islamic
movements can positively contribute in multicultural contexts
while preserving their identity and fundamental values.

Table 4: Comparative Analysis of Muhammadiyah's Influence
Indonesia
Thailand
High literacy and critical thinking emphasis
Improved educational attainment in Muslim areas
Extensive healthcare and poverty alleviation Vocational training and economic empowerment
Deeply rooted in local communities
Adaptation to local cultural norms and practices

Muhammadiyah's influence in Thailand illustrates the movement's
capacity to transcend national boundaries while maintaining its
educational and social development mission. Through empirical
studies and expert analyses, it is evident that Muhammadiyah's
adaptability has effectively contributed to societal progress in
diverse cultural settings. This international perspective enriches the
movement's impact and provides valuable insights into the
dynamics of Islamic reform and cultural integration.
3.5 Comparative Analysis of Societal Transformation
The comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah's influence in
Indonesia and Thailand provides a nuanced understanding of the
movement's role in driving societal transformation through Islamic
reform(Muthoifin & Rhezaldi, 2024; Sukatman & Wuryaningrum,
2024). This section examines how Muhammadiyah's unique blend
of theological principles and social activism has led to progressive
changes in diverse cultural contexts, supported by empirical
evidence and expert insights.
Comparative Analysis of Societal Transformation
A comparative analysis of the societal transformations influenced
by Muhammadiyah in Indonesia and Thailand provides important
insights into the role of this movement in driving Islamic
reform(Fitriani et al., 2024; Royyani et al., 2024; Sirait et al., 2024).
By combining theological principles and social activism,
Muhammadiyah has sparked progressive change in diverse cultural
contexts, supported by empirical evidence and insights from
scholars.
A. Impact in Indonesia and Thailand
Indonesia
In Indonesia, Muhammadiyah plays a significant role in shaping the
socio-political landscape. Muhammadiyah-led educational and
social welfare initiatives have resulted in a more educated and

independent society. An empirical study by Rahmatan and Surya
(2019) shows that areas with a strong Muhammadiyah presence
experience significant increases in literacy rates and social
cohesion. The movement's commitment to promoting rationalism
and reform also encourages a more modern interpretation of Islam
that aligns with contemporary society's needs. In addition,
Muhammadiyah plays an active role in addressing social challenges
such as poverty and inequality, further strengthening its impact at
the national level.
Thailand
Although Muhammadiyah's influence in Thailand is not as extensive
as in Indonesia, it still has significant significance. Educational
programs initiated by Muhammadiyah have improved academic
outcomes among Thai Muslim students, as revealed by Chularat's
(2020) empirical research. In addition, Muhammadiyah's social
welfare initiatives have improved economic stability in the Muslim
community, encouraging integration and cultural exchange in a
predominantly Buddhist society. This shows how Muhammadiyah
contributes to improving the welfare of the Muslim community and
strengthening harmonious interfaith relations.
B. Cross-Cultural Influence and Adaptability
Muhammadiyah’s ability to adapt to diverse cultural settings
underscores its potential as a model for Islamic reform movements
globally. The key to its success has been its ability to adapt its
programs to local contexts without compromising its core values .
This approach has strengthened progressive Islamic values in
Indonesia while preserving local wisdom. In Thailand,
Muhammadiyah’s flexibility in adopting a culturally sensitive
approach has helped address the challenges of interfaith
interactions. This success suggests that Muhammadiyah can serve
as an example for other Islamic movements in achieving sustainable
social transformation.
158

Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024

Figure 6.Muhammadiyah's Footprint in Thailand: A Model of Islamic Renewal Movement
(https://muhammadiyah.or.id/2021/09/jejak-langkah-muhammadiyah-di-thailand/)

On Saturday, April 26, 2025, we will examine how Muhammadiyah
continues to strengthen social transformation in both countries. In
conclusion, a comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia
and Thailand reveals unique dynamics that strengthen the role of
Islamic reform in influencing social change. By combining local
strategies with a global vision, Muhammadiyah has demonstrated
how reform driven by Islamic values can positively impact diverse
cultural contexts. Recent studies support these findings,
highlighting the importance of an adaptive and inclusive approach
in achieving sustainable societal transformation.
In conclusion, a comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah in
Indonesia and Thailand reveals unique dynamics that strengthen
the role of Islamic reform in influencing social change. By combining
local strategies with a global vision, Muhammadiyah has
demonstrated how reforms driven by Islamic values can positively
impact diverse cultural contexts. Recent studies support these
findings, highlighting the importance of an adaptive and inclusive
approach in achieving sustainable societal transformation.
Empirical data from previous studies support the movement's
influence. Research by the International Islamic University (2021)
confirms that Muhammadiyah has effectively contributed to
societal transformation by harmonizing Islamic principles with
modern societal demands.Through this comparative analysis, it is
evident that Muhammadiyah's blend of theological principles and
social activism has brought about significant changes in Indonesia
and Thailand and serves as an inspiring model for Islamic reform
movements globally. The movement's success in different cultural
landscapes underscores its potential to facilitate progressive
societal transformation while maintaining core religious values.

Islam that aligns religious teachings with contemporary
societal needs. Empirical studies, such as Alfitri (2011),
demonstrate that Muhammadiyah's approach has facilitated
a rationalist and reformist perspective within Islamic
communities.
2.

Educational Impact: Muhammadiyah's educational initiatives
have significantly enhanced literacy rates and promoted
critical thinking in Indonesia. The establishment of numerous
educational institutions has improved educational outcomes
and instilled values of independence and rational thought.
This impact is evidenced by findings from Jones and Suharto
(2018), which show improved literacy levels in regions with
Muhammadiyah schools.

3.

Social Welfare Contribution: Muhammadiyah's social welfare
programs have been pivotal in addressing healthcare, disaster
relief, and poverty alleviation. These initiatives have
successfully improved community well-being and fostered
social justice. Empirical data from Harsono et al. (2019) and
the World Bank (2018) underscore the movement's
effectiveness in enhancing healthcare access and reducing
poverty.

4.

Influence in Thailand:The movement's activities in Thailand
illustrate its adaptability and international reach.
Muhammadiyah's educational and social programs have
positively impacted Thai society, particularly in Muslim
communities. Research by Chularat (2020) highlights
improved educational outcomes, while Sakdiyah and Matjal
(2019) show enhanced economic conditions through social
programs.

5.

Comparative Analysis and Broader Implications:The
comparative analysis of Muhammadiyah's influence in
Indonesia and Thailand reveals its role in advancing Islamic
reform and societal transformation. The movement's ability to
blend theological principles with social activism has
contributed to progressive changes in diverse cultural
contexts. This conclusion is supported by empirical evidence
from the International Islamic University (2021), confirming
Muhammadiyah's significant societal impact.

CONCLUSION
The study on the Muhammadiyah movement highlights several key
conclusions regarding its historical and ideological development,
both in Indonesia and Thailand. These conclusions are supported by
empirical evidence from previous research, providing a
comprehensive understanding of the movement's influence and
significance.
1.

Theological and Ideological Development: Muhammadiyah's
emphasis on the theological principles of tajwid and ijtihad
has profoundly shaped its ideological framework. These
principles have encouraged a progressive interpretation of
159

Moh. Nurhakim et al, Indonesian Vs. Thailand: The historicity ... Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (2), 2024
Overall, the study demonstrates Muhammadiyah's pivotal role in
shaping educational, social, and political landscapes through its
unique approach to Islamic reform. Its influence extends beyond
national boundaries, offering a model for similar movements
worldwide. Through a blend of empirical evidence and expert
insights, the research underscores Muhammadiyah's contribution
to fostering progressive societal change while maintaining core
Islamic values.

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