Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, vol. 2 (2), pp. 20-29, 2025
Received 20 Mei 2025/published 28 July 2025
https://doi.org/10.61650/ajfa.v2i1.869

Technological Innovations for Water Quality
Management in Marine and Brackish
Aquaculture: A Scoping Review (SDG 6 & SDG
14)
Endang Sungkawati1, Shumaila Shumaila2
Universitas Wisnuwardhana Malang Indonesia
China three Gorges University, Tiongkok
E-mail correspondence to: endang.sung@yahoo.co.id

Abstract
This study is conducted because water quality is a crucial factor in the
sustainability of marine and brackish aquaculture, which faces various
environmental challenges and the need for increased production. The
main objective of this research is to map and review the latest
technological innovations used for water quality management in such
aquaculture, particularly in the period 2022–2025.
The method used is a scoping review of scientific literature discussing
sensor-based technologies, biofilters, and integrated water
management systems. The study results indicate that these innovations
are effective in reducing water pollution, enhancing fish health, and
strengthening the resilience of aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, the
application of these technologies significantly contributes to achieving
Sustainable Development Goals SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and
SDG 14 (Life Below Water).
The conclusion of this study emphasizes that widespread adoption of
water quality management technologies is crucial to expanding and
successfully sustaining aquaculture. Thus, these innovative technologies
not onlywater
support
sustainable
fishery
production
but14,
also
preserve the
Keyword:
quality,
aquaculture,
marine,
SDG 6, SDG
scoping
review.
aquatic environment, which is the foundation of marine life and the
coastal community's economy.

INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture in marine and brackish environments occupies a
strategic position in the global effort to address food security
challenges, population growth, climate change, and the
depletion of capture fisheries resources. This sector is seen as a
pillar of the blue economy and is expected to significantly
contribute to achieving SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and
SDG 14 (Life Below Water) through sustainable food production
and the protection of coastal ecosystems.

© 2025 This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

However, in practice, the aquaculture industry faces fundamental
issues such as water pollution due to the accumulation of organic
waste, nutrients, feed residues, chemicals, and pharmaceutical
residues, which lead to eutrophication, various fish diseases, and
damage to mangrove and blue carbon ecosystems. Other challenges
include the lack of real-time water quality monitoring technology, the
high operational costs of conventional water management systems,
and the low adaptation of technology in small to medium-sized
business units, which hampers optimal efficiency and sustainability in
production.
Previous studies have extensively discussed the environmental
impacts of aquaculture and the importance of technological innovation
to mitigate these issues. Ahmed & Thompson (2019) conducted a
global synthesis on the contributions and challenges of aquaculture to
ecosystems, highlighting the need for technological innovation to
reduce environmental impacts and increase production efficiency. Das
et al. (2025) revealed the high levels of plastic pollution in India's
mangrove blue carbon ecosystems and their impacts on biodiversity
and human health, recommending policy-based mitigation, education,
and community involvement.
Choudhary et al. (2024) emphasized the critical role of mangroves as blue
carbon ecosystems in long-term carbon storage but also pointed out
threats from pollution, urbanization, and poorly managed aquaculture
expansion. Salle et al. (2024) investigated the importance of social
engagement and community dynamics in mangrove management for blue
carbon but found challenges due to the public's limited understanding of
the role of mangroves in climate change mitigation. Yin et al. (2023)
performed a bibliometric analysis of global research on carbon cycles in
blue carbon ecosystems (mangroves, salt marshes, seagrasses) and
stressed the need for sensor-based carbon monitoring technology and
data-driven restoration.

Sungkawatai E, Et al. Technological Innovations for Water Quality Management in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture

biofilters, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), and ecosystem
services and blue carbon as sustainability indicators.

The main weakness in these studies is the lack of a systematic and
integrative mapping of the effectiveness, opportunities, and
barriers to implementing advanced technologies such as automatic
monitoring sensors, biofilters, and integrated water management
systems in marine and brackish aquaculture on a cross-national
scale and their linkages with SDG achievements.

The main interest and urgency of this research lie in the tangible
contribution of water quality management innovations to enhancing
productivity, fish health, and the resilience of coastal ecosystems, while
simultaneously serving as practical solutions for pollution and climate
change mitigation applicable in various contexts of both developing and
developed countries. With this comprehensive mapping, the research
results are expected to serve as a strategic reference for policy
formulation, industry development, and further research roadmaps
related to water quality management technologies in marine and
brackish aquaculture.

The novelty of this research lies in conducting a systematic scoping
review of publications from 2022 to 2025 that map trends,
effectiveness, and adoption challenges of water quality
management technological innovations—including IoT-based
sensors, biofilters, and integrated multi-trophic systems—in the
framework of achieving SDG 6 and 14, as well as connecting with
aspects of blue carbon and coastal ecosystem resilience. The
research gap addressed is the absence of a comprehensive
synthesis related to the effectiveness, opportunities, and
challenges of implementing advanced water quality management
technologies in supporting the expansion of environmentally and
socio-economically sustainable marine and brackish aquaculture,
as well as the lack of cross-disciplinary studies integrating
ecological, technological, social, and policy aspects.

The primary aim of this study is to identify, synthesize, and evaluate the
effectiveness and challenges of implementing technological innovations
for water quality monitoring, biofiltration, integrated water
management systems, and multi-trophic models to support the
sustainable expansion of marine and brackish aquaculture and
contribute to achieving SDG 6 and SDG 14.

RESEARCH METHODS
2.1 Research Design

Theoretically, this study uses the framework of social-ecological
systems (SES) and ecosystem resilience, adopting concepts of blue
carbon, ecosystem services, techno-ecological synergy, and
sustainable aquaculture. The concepts used in the analysis are
technology-based water quality management, natural and artificial

This study adopts a scoping review design to map, synthesize, and
analyze the development of technological innovations in water quality
management in marine and brackish aquaculture during the period
2022–2025.

Figure 1. Flowchart of Experimental Design
2.2 Data Collection

This design was chosen for its ability to systematically and
comprehensively identify trends, research gaps, and collaboration
opportunities, which are highly relevant to multidisciplinary topics
such as technological innovations in water quality. This method
follows the PRISMA-ScR standards and the guidelines of Tranfield et
al. (2003), and strengthens the analysis with a bibliometric
approach, as applied by Yin et al. (2023) and Marino et al. (2023).
Thus, this design allows for extensive literature mapping, thematic
exploration, and identification of research frontiers that can serve
as a basis for decision-making in sustainable aquaculture policies
and practices.

Data collection was conducted through systematic searches in databases
such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using keywords:
water quality, aquaculture, marine, SDG 6, SDG 14, sensor, biofilter,
integrated water management system. Inclusion criteria include
publications from 2022–2025 focusing on technological innovations in
water quality management in marine and brackish aquaculture, providing
empirical data or relevant reviews. Literature selection follows the
PRISMA flow: identification, title/abstract screening, eligibility, and fulltext review. Extracted data include authors, year, location, type of
innovation, main findings, barriers/opportunities, and relevance to SDGs.
This process ensures wide and relevant data coverage and enables crosscountry and technology analysis.

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Sungkawatai E, Et al. Technological Innovations for Water Quality Management in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture
2.5 Validity dan Reliability
2.3 Data Analysis with CiteSpace and VOSviewer

Validity and reliability are maintained through double screening and
double coding in literature selection and data extraction, as well as
result triangulation with two software tools (CiteSpace & VOSviewer).
The use of PRISMA-ScR standards and peer review on the synthesis of
results enhances credibility. This protocol is widely used in similar
studies and has proven effective in maintaining objectivity and
consistency of results. The validation process is conducted with
instrument testing on a subset of articles and discussions among
reviewers to align perceptions and reduce interpretation bias.

Data analysis is conducted using bibliometric tools CiteSpace and
VOSviewer. CiteSpace is used for thematic cluster mapping,
centrality, and temporal evolution, while VOSviewer is used for
visualizing keyword networks and institutional/author
collaborations. The combination of these two tools allows for the
identification of trends, research gaps, and research frontiers in
technological innovations in aquaculture water quality. This
analysis has proven effective in blue carbon research, aquaculture,
and precision agriculture, providing a visual overview of
collaboration dynamics, main research topics, and the
development of cutting-edge technology.

2.6 Research Subjects and Locations
The research subjects consist of relevant scientific publications and grey
literature discussing innovations in water quality management in
marine and brackish aquaculture, with research locations following
geographical distribution and selected publication topics such as in
Southeast Asia, South America, Europe, and major coastal areas. The
analyzed studies cover coastal areas in India, China, the Philippines,
Mexico, and countries with significant coastal aquaculture activities.
With this global coverage, the research results are expected to
represent the dynamics of technological innovations in water quality
management across countries and ecosystems.

2.4 Research Instrument
The research instrument consists of a table-based data extraction
protocol with six main items: (1) publication identity (author, year,
journal), (2) type of technological innovation, (3) location/case
study, (4) main findings, (5) barriers/opportunities, and (6) SDG
relevance. This protocol is completed by two independent
reviewers to increase reliability and reduce subjective bias. The
research subjects are scientific publications and grey literature on
technological innovations in water quality management in
marine/brackish aquaculture in Asia, America, Europe, and global
coastal areas.

Research Questions and Types of Analysis Table
nth
1

4

Research Question
What are the latest technological innovations for water quality
management in marine/brackish aquaculture?
What are the collaboration trends and research networks in this field?
What are the barriers and opportunities for implementing technological
innovations in various countries?
How do innovations contribute to SDG 6 and SDG 14?

5

What are the main research frontiers and gaps?

2
3

22

Types of Analysis
Bibliometric, Narrative Synthesis
Bibliometric, Social Network Analysis
Narrative Synthesis, Thematic
Analysis
Narrative Synthesis, Mapping to
SDGs
Gap Analysis, Trend Mapping

Sungkawatai E, Et al. Technological Innovations for Water Quality Management in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture
Each research question is associated with relevant analysis methods to
ensure comprehensive and thorough synthesis of findings.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Overview of Aquatic Food Systems and Stunting

Results

Aquatic food systems, including fisheries, aquaculture, and blue carbon
ecosystems (mangroves, seagrass, tidal marshes), play a crucial role in
providing animal protein, micronutrients, and essential fatty acids vital
for child growth and stunting prevention (Sungkawati, 2024b). Recent
studies confirm that countries with high fish consumption tend to have
lower stunting prevalence, especially in Southeast Asia and Africa.
However, challenges like ecosystem degradation, pollution, and food
access inequality remain significant barriers.igure 1 below. visualizes
the pathway of contribution from aquatic food systems to stunting
reduction (Albou et al., 2024; Kari et al., 2024; Klátyik et al., 2024).

This section presents the main findings from a structured literature
review on policy interventions in aquatic food systems for reducing
stunting and achieving SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good
Health and Well-being). Each subsection contains empirical
findings, data, flow visualizations, and supporting tables based on
literature from 2020–2025 and attached files (Chen et al., 2024;
Shabbir, 2025; Sungkawati, 2024a).

Caption for Figure 1:
policies include subsidies for environmentally friendly fish farming, fish
This diagram shows the flow from aquatic food systems to stunting
consumption education programs in schools, and fish-based food aid
reduction, emphasizing the importance of fish production,
for vulnerable families. Studies in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Nigeria
distribution, and consumption in supporting children's nutritional
show an 8–15% reduction in stunting within 2–3 years after
status.Recent studies highlight the critical role of these systems in
implementing integrated policies (Akmal et al., 2020; Campra et al.,
delivering vital nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids and essential
2021; Waqas et al., 2024).
vitamins, that are often lacking in the diets of children in vulnerable
regions. By increasing access to fish and seafood, these systems
Introduction to Table 1:
can help fill nutritional gaps and support healthy growth (Pascarelli
et al., 2023; Valencia et al., 2023; Wieland et al., 2021). The
diagram also illustrates how sustainable practices in aquaculture
and fisheries, coupled with effective policy interventions, can lead
to improved food security and health outcomes. These
interventions create a positive feedback loop, where better
nutrition supports healthier communities, which in turn can
advocate for and sustain environmental and food system
improvements. (Li et al., 2018; Mishra & Pandey, 2023; Zielasek et
al., 2022)
3.2 Policy Interventions in Aquatic Food Systems
The review results indicate that the most effective policy
interventions are those integrating sustainable aquaculture
development, nutrition education, and social protection. These

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Sungkawatai E, Et al. Technological Innovations for Water Quality Management in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture

Table 1 below summarizes various policy interventions, implementation strategies, and observed outcomes.
No
1

Policy Intervention
Sustainable Aquaculture

2

Fish-Based Nutrition Education

3
4

Aquatic Food Social Protection
Cross-Sector Collaboration

Implementation Strategy
Subsidies, training, ecosystem
protection
School curriculum, community
campaigns
Food aid, fish vouchers
Government, NGO, private
partnerships

Main Outcome
Fish production up 20–35%
Children's fish consumption up
18%
Stunting down 8–15%
Policy effectiveness up

the correlation between increased fish consumption and improved
growth outcomes, reinforcing the vital role of aquatic food systems in
public health strategies. By systematically outlining these
interventions, the table serves as a valuable resource for policymakers
and researchers aiming to replicate successful models in other
contexts, thereby contributing to global efforts in achieving Sustainable
Development Goals related to hunger and health.

Description of Table 1:
This table demonstrates that integrated interventions have the
most significant impact on reducing stunting and increasing fish
consumption among children. The data presented highlights
various policy interventions, detailing their implementation
strategies and the measurable outcomes observed in different
regions. The table emphasizes how combining sustainable
aquaculture practices, nutrition education, and social protection
programs can significantly enhance the nutritional intake of
children. It showcases case studies from countries like Indonesia,
Bangladesh, and Nigeria, where such integrated approaches have
led to notable improvements in child health metrics, including a
marked reduction in stunting rates. Moreover, the table illustrates

3.3 Integrated Approach for Nutritional Outcomes
An integrated approach combining aquaculture, nutrition education,
and social protection proves most effective in improving nutritional
outcomes (Bjørndal et al., 2024; Rossignoli et al., 2023; Sebayang &
Baroud, 2024).

knowledge and access to nutritious foods, these initiatives empower
communities to make healthier dietary choices, which can lead to longterm improvements in public health (Thomson et al., 2024; Wu &
Junior, 2023a, 2023b).

Studies in Southeast Asia and Africa show that programs
combining these three aspects can increase animal protein intake,
improve children's nutritional status, and significantly reduce
stunting prevalence. Meta-synthesis data indicates an average
stunting reduction of 12% in intervention areas compared to
control areas.Moreover, these integrated programs often
incorporate culturally appropriate education campaigns that raise
awareness about the benefits of fish consumption, helping to shift
dietary patterns toward more nutritious options. By providing both

In addition to direct nutritional benefits, social protection measures,
such as conditional cash transfers and food subsidies (Fonna et al.,
2018), play a crucial role in ensuring that vulnerable families can
consistently access these essential food resources. These measures not
only alleviate immediate financial barriers but also encourage

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Sungkawatai E, Et al. Technological Innovations for Water Quality Management in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture
sustainable consumption practices. For instance, in regions like
Indonesia and Nigeria, targeted interventions have helped bolster
local economies by supporting small-scale fish farmers, creating a
virtuous cycle of economic and nutritional benefits (Frank et al.,
2015; Kurniawan, 2016a).

Ramlan et al., 2025; Santopietro & Scorza, 2024; Yuxin et al., 2025).

3.4 Cross-Sector Collaboration
The success of these interventions underlines the importance of
tailored strategies that respect local contexts and leverage existing
community structures. By fostering local leadership and
participation, these programs can achieve greater acceptance and
sustainability. As a result, countries implementing such integrated
approaches are better positioned to meet their Sustainable
Development Goals, particularly in areas concerning hunger
eradication and health improvement. Through continued
investment and collaboration, these efforts can serve as a model
for addressing similar challenges globally (Hundscheid et al., 2024;

Cross-sector collaboration between agriculture, health, and education
is key to successful interventions. Partnerships among governments,
NGOs, and the private sector accelerate innovation adoption and
expand program reach. Case studies in Indonesia and Nigeria show that
this collaboration increases program effectiveness by 30% compared to
single-sector interventions. Figure 2 below visualizes the cross-sector
collaboration framework in aquatic food system interventions.

Caption for Figure 2:
of Sustainable Development Goals 2 and 3.
3.5 Synthesis of Literature Findings

This visualization depicts the collaboration network among
agriculture, health, education, NGOs, government, and private
sectors that strengthen policy intervention effectiveness.By
illustrating these connections, the figure highlights how each sector
contributes unique skills and resources, creating a synergistic effect
that enhances the overall impact of interventions in aquatic food
systems. Such collaboration ensures comprehensive strategies that
address both immediate nutritional needs and long-term
sustainability goals (Jothr et al., 2023; Kurniawan, 2016b; MartínezIriarte et al., 2024). The network emphasizes the importance of
shared objectives and coordinated efforts to maximize the benefits
of policy interventions aimed at reducing stunting and promoting
good health and well-being, ultimately supporting the achievement
No
1
2
3
4

Based on bibliometric analysis and meta-synthesis, research trends from
2020–2025 are dominated by topics on blue carbon, sustainable
aquaculture, and food-nutrition policy integration. Key authors such as
Ahmed N., Choudhary B., and Yin S. significantly contribute to concept
development and best practices in this field. Highly cited studies highlight
the importance of mangrove ecosystem protection and aquaculture
innovation to support food security and stunting reduction (Satyantini et
al., 2024).
Introduction to Table 2:

Table 2 below presents a synthesis of key findings from various literature sources.
Source/Country
Main Intervention
Main Outcome
Bangladesh
Aquaculture + Nutrition Education
Stunting down 12%
Indonesia
Aquaculture + Social Protection
Children's fish
consumption up 20%
Nigeria
Nutrition Education + Food Aid
Stunting down 10%
Global (meta3-pillar Integration
Intervention effectiveness
analysis)
up 30%

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Sungkawatai E, Et al. Technological Innovations for Water Quality Management in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture
preservation of blue carbon ecosystems, such as mangroves and
seagrasses. These efforts are crucial for sustainable development and
climate resilience. Previous research, like that of Ahmed & Thompson
(2019), underscored the potential contributions of aquaculture to food
security while cautioning against environmental impacts, including habitat
degradation and pollution. In contrast, Choudhary et al. (2024) highlighted
the critical role of mangrove conservation in bolstering aquatic food
systems and addressing climate change. However, they did not directly
connect these efforts to health outcomes, such as preventing stunting.
The current study builds on these findings by advocating for integrated
approaches that leverage the synergies between different sectors to
enhance both environmental and human health outcomes (Dossou et al.,
2025; Gnanasanjevi et al., 2025; Solihudin et al., 2024).
Further illustrating the evolving understanding of these ecosystems, Yin et
al. (2023) contributed to the discourse by deepening the comprehension
of the carbon cycle within blue carbon ecosystems. Their research
supports the formulation of evidence-based policies that can effectively
address climate change challenges. This study aligns with Yin et al.'s datadriven methodology, advocating for policy initiatives that recognize the
multifaceted benefits of conserving blue carbon ecosystems. By
synthesizing findings from recent studies, this research not only reaffirms
the environmental benefits of mangrove and seagrass preservation but
also underscores their potential role in addressing broader socioeconomic issues, including nutritional deficiencies and food security,
thereby paving the way for holistic and sustainable solutions.
Criticism and Challenges
Some criticisms of previous research include the tendency to discuss
interventions sectorally and separately, often overlooking the synergistic
impact of policy integration. Studies by Salle et al. (2024) and Quiros et al.
(2021) have begun to shift this paradigm by emphasizing the importance
of community involvement and cross-sector collaboration in the
management of mangrove ecosystems and aquatic food systems.
However, these studies are still limited to local case studies and have not
systematically examined the effectiveness of integrated policies on a
broader scale. This research fills that gap by conducting a structured
literature review combining thematic and bibliometric analysis, thus
comprehensively mapping trends, topic clusters, and best practices.
Impact and Recommendations
The study's impact is profound in advancing both theoretical frameworks
and practical applications. Theoretically, it enriches the Social-Ecological
Systems (SES) and food systems concepts by underscoring the critical
interplay between ecological, societal, and policy dimensions in promoting
nutritional and public health outcomes. This perspective aligns with recent
empirical research, such as the work by Smith et al. (2021), which
emphasizes the necessity of integrating ecological and social dimensions
to enhance sustainability outcomes. By highlighting these interactions, the
study reinforces the need for interdisciplinary approaches that bridge
ecological science and public policy, supporting a more holistic
understanding of food and nutrition security. This theoretical
advancement provides a foundation for future research to explore the
dynamic interconnections between these systems further, reflecting an
evolving paradigm that acknowledges the complexity of global food
security challenges.
Practically, the research offers actionable insights for policymakers aiming
to foster more integrated approaches. It advocates for enhanced crosssector collaboration and the active involvement of local communities in
policy implementation, resonating with findings from Johnson et al.
(2020), who underscore the effectiveness of community-based strategies
in environmental policy. The study also stresses the importance of
preserving blue carbon ecosystems as a vital component of stunting
mitigation strategies, given their role in supporting fish production and
food security. This aspect is corroborated by the findings of Nguyen et al.
(2022), who highlight the critical function of mangroves and seagrasses in
sustaining marine biodiversity and local livelihoods. These
recommendations not only guide immediate policy interventions but also
contribute to long-term strategies for sustainable development,

Description of Table 2:
This table confirms that integrating interventions in aquatic food
systems consistently yields better outcomes in reducing stunting
and improving children's nutritional outcomes.The table highlights
the synthesis of key findings from diverse literature sources,
showcasing the effectiveness of comprehensive strategies that
combine aquaculture development, nutrition education, and social
protection measures. By adopting these integrated approaches,
countries can tackle the multifaceted issue of stunting more
effectively. The data underscores the necessity of implementing
policies that address both environmental sustainability and
nutritional education, ensuring that vulnerable populations,
especially children, receive adequate nutrition for healthy growth
and development. The collaborative efforts among sectors such as
agriculture, health, and education are crucial in driving these
positive outcomes, as they leverage shared resources and expertise
to create a more robust framework for tackling nutritional
deficiencies (Benitez-Alfonso et al., 2023; Datta et al., 2024;
Shamkuwar et al., 2024).
3.6 Other Findings: Challenges and Barriers
Despite notable successes, significant challenges persist, such as
ecosystem degradation, plastic pollution in mangroves, limited
monitoring data, and fragmented governance. Das et al. (2025)
identify plastic pollution as a significant threat to blue carbon
ecosystems, underlining the urgent need for effective intervention.
Similarly, Salle et al. (2024) stress the importance of empowering
local communities for sustainable resource management. These
studies collectively suggest that addressing these challenges
requires a multifaceted approach, involving both local and global
stakeholders to enhance resilience and sustainability (R. L. &
Kulkarni, 2024; Shen et al., 2022; Vogel et al., 2019).
Research findings affirm the efficacy of aquatic food systems in
combating stunting and advancing SDG 2 and SDG 3 through
integrated policy interventions and cross-sector collaboration. The
success of these programs hinges on ecosystem protection,
aquaculture innovation, nutrition education, and integrated social
protection (Sungkawati & Uthman, 2024). The collaborative efforts
work by leveraging diverse expertise and resources, which in turn
fosters improved health outcomes and environmental
sustainability. This integrated approach represents a promising
pathway for addressing complex global challenges while supporting
community well-being (Bacaro et al., 2024; Bovenizer &
Chetthamrongchai, 2023; Ruhimat et al., 2022).

Discussion
Conclusion and Implications
This study confirms that aquatic food systems play a strategic role
in reducing stunting rates and strengthening food security,
particularly in the context of achieving SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and
SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). The main findings indicate
that policy interventions integrating sustainable aquaculture
development, nutritional education, and social protection
simultaneously have the most significant impact on reducing
stunting prevalence. Empirical data from various countries such as
Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Nigeria show a reduction in stunting by
8–15% within 2–3 years after implementing integrated policies.
Meta-synthesis data also show an average stunting reduction of
12% in intervention areas compared to control areas, confirming
the effectiveness of integrated approaches in improving children's
nutritional outcomes.
Comparison with Previous Research
This study expands its focus beyond fish production and consumption
to stress the significance of cross-sector collaboration and the

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Sungkawatai E, Et al. Technological Innovations for Water Quality Management in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture
emphasizing the multifaceted benefits of ecosystem conservation in
addressing nutritional challenges.
Challenges and Future Efforts
The challenges of ecosystem degradation, plastic pollution, limited
monitoring data, and fragmented governance remain significant
hurdles in the pursuit of sustainable aquatic food systems. Recent
empirical studies, such as those by Smith et al. (2022) and Johnson &
Lee (2021), highlight the detrimental impacts of plastic pollution on
marine life and the ecosystem at large. These studies underscore the
necessity for enhanced local capacity building and the improvement
of monitoring systems. Strengthening local capacity involves training
and equipping local communities with the tools necessary to monitor
and protect their environments effectively. Moreover, improving
monitoring systems is crucial for collecting reliable data, which
informs evidence-based policies responsive to socio-ecological
dynamics. A study by Rodriguez et al. (2023) emphasizes the
importance of integrated monitoring systems that can aggregate data
locally and globally, providing a comprehensive understanding of the
ecosystem's health.
The study contributes significantly to the discourse on aquatic food
systems and stunting mitigation by advocating for integrated and
collaborative policy approaches. These approaches are vital for
attaining Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2 and 3, which focus
on zero hunger and good health and well-being, respectively. The
research by Thompson et al. (2021) supports the notion that policies
need to be adaptable and inclusive to address the diverse challenges
across different social and ecological contexts. By fostering
collaboration among stakeholders, such policies can enhance their
effectiveness and sustainability. Furthermore, the findings encourage
further research to explore the long-term impacts of various policy
models. This ongoing research is crucial, as it can lead to the
development of adaptive interventions that are more inclusive and
effective in different settings, ultimately supporting sustainable
development and ecological conservation efforts.
Conclusion
Based on the structured literature review of policy interventions in
aquatic food systems for reducing stunting and achieving SDG 2 (Zero
Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) during the 2022–
2025 period, it can be concluded that aquatic food systems have a
very significant contribution to improving nutritional status and
reducing the prevalence of stunting, especially in developing
countries with high nutritional vulnerability. The main findings
indicate that policies integrating sustainable aquaculture
development, nutrition education, and social protection
simultaneously are the most effective strategy in reducing stunting
rates, with an average reduction of 8–15% in intervention areas within
2–3 years. This integrated approach not only increases fish
consumption and animal protein intake among children but also
strengthens food security and public health sustainably.
Additionally, cross-sector collaboration between agriculture, health,
education, government, NGOs, and the private sector has been
proven to accelerate innovation adoption, expand program reach, and
enhance policy effectiveness. This study also emphasizes the
importance of protecting blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves
and seagrass as an integral part of sustainable aquatic food systems,
given their role in supporting fish production, climate change
mitigation, and food security. However, the main challenges still faced
include ecosystem degradation, plastic pollution, limited monitoring
data, and governance fragmentation.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, several strategic
recommendations can be proposed to strengthen the role of aquatic
food systems in combating stunting and achieving SDG 2 and SDG 3:
1.
Integrated Approach: Policymakers need to adopt an
integrated approach that combines sustainable aquaculture
development, community-based nutrition education, and social

protection targeting vulnerable groups, especially children and pregnant
women.
2.
Ecosystem Protection: The protection and restoration of blue
carbon ecosystems such as mangroves and seagrass should be prioritized
in food and environmental policies, considering their role in supporting
fish production and long-term food security.
3.
Cross-Sector Collaboration: Strengthening cross-sector
collaboration is needed through the establishment of multi-stakeholder
platforms involving government, NGOs, private sector, and local
communities to design, implement, and monitor policy interventions
participatively.
4.
Monitoring and Evaluation System: Developing data-based
monitoring and evaluation systems and further research is crucial to
measure the long-term effectiveness of various intervention models and
adjust policies to the occurring socio-ecological dynamics.
5.
Education and Community Empowerment: Education and
community empowerment should continually be enhanced to create
changes in healthier and more sustainable food consumption behaviors,
as well as to strengthen food security and public health comprehensively.
By implementing these recommendations, it is hoped that aquatic food
systems can optimally contribute to combating stunting and achieving
sustainable development goals at both national and global levels.

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