Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, vol. 1 (1), pp. 22–32, 2024
Received 20 Oct 2023/published 06 June 2024
ISSN: XXXX-XXXX

Mangroves on Two Islands: Ecological Study
in Java and South Tapanuli
Totok Hendarto
Universitas Dr Soetomo Surabaya, Indonesia
E-mail correspondence to: totok@unitomo.ac.id

Abstract
This research explores the ecology of mangroves on two islands, Java
and South Tapanuli, using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach
based on data from Scopus for the last three years. This research aims
to assess the characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem in these two
regions and understand the factors that influence the ecological
sustainability of mangroves. This research used strict inclusion criteria,
involved relevant and peer-reviewed scientific articles, and included
several studies that focused on mangrove waters' physical, chemical,
and biological aspects. The research results show significant differences
in the characteristics of mangrove waters between Java and South
Tapanuli. In Java, mangroves tend to have higher densities. It includes
more stable water conditions, while in South Tapanuli, mangroves are
more fragmented with higher variability in water conditions. In addition,
this research reveals areas for improvement in mangrove management
and conservation in both regions, including a need for more supportive
policies and minimal community participation in conservation efforts.
This research also suggests the need for improvements in mangrove
ecosystem management through community-based approaches and
more integrated policies. Significant increases in community
participation and more effective policy implementation are needed to
continue healthy and sustainable mangrove ecosystems. This research
provides important insights for policymakers, researchers, and
conservation practitioners in mangrove conservation efforts in
Indonesia.
Keywords: Ecological Sustainability, Integrated Policy, Java, Mangrove
Ecology, South Tapanuli.

INTRODUCTION
Mangroves are a vital ecosystem that maintains the balance
of the coastal environment (Roy, 2014; Yuan, 2024). They act as
a buffer between land and sea (Barbier & Strand, 1998),
protecting beaches from erosion and providing habitat for
various species of flora and fauna. In Indonesia, which is known
as the largest archipelagic country in the world, mangrove

ecosystems are widespread on multiple islands, including Java and
South Tapanuli (Chielle, 2024; Lu, 2023; McSherry, 2023). The
mangrove ecosystem is a type of ecosystem that grows on muddy
substrates and is influenced by sea tides, and freshwater flows from
river estuaries. This ecosystem is vital in coastal areas because it can
reduce high waves (Srivastava, 2023), tsunamis (Knoke, 2024),
strong winds (Arnaud, 2023), and seawater intrusion (Qin, 2024;
Zhao, 2023). It also functions as a spawning, nurturing, and foraging
place for aquatic biota.
According to Wailisa et al. (2022), mangrove ecosystems have
significant ecological functions, which, if damaged, can hurt the
quality of the aquatic environment and other ecosystem
components. The study conducted by Sari et al. (2022) also
emphasized that the presence of mangroves is significant in
maintaining biodiversity in coastal areas. Mangroves can provide
habitat for various types of birds (Fu et al., 2021), fish (Temmerman,
2023), and invertebrates and play a role in the global carbon cycle
by absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
(Baubekova, 2024; Cotovicz, 2024; Mamidala, 2023).
However, geographical and socio-ecological differences
between the Java and South Tapanuli islands cause variations in the
characteristics of their mangrove ecosystems (Maurya, 2024;
Sharma, 2023). On the island of Java, the pressures of urbanization
and industrialization often become the main challenges for
mangrove sustainability (Jaramillo, 2023; Okuku, 2023; Parida et al.,
2004). Meanwhile, in South Tapanuli, although human pressure
may be lower (Chang, 2024; De, 2023; Jupin, 2024), issues such as
land use change and unsustainable agricultural practices remain a
threat. Therefore, conducting a more in-depth study using a
systematic literature review (SLR) approach is essential to
understand the mangrove ecosystem dynamics in these two regions
and formulate effective conservation strategies based on empirical
data from previous studies.

© 2024 Harahap et al., (s). This is a Creative Commons License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommertial 4.0 International License.

Harahap et al. Mangroves on Two Islands ... Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1 (1), 22-29, 2024

Research-based on Scopus data over the last three years
identified significant differences in the characteristics of mangrove
ecosystems in Java and South Tapanuli. Studies that have been
conducted show that mangroves in Java tend to have a higher
density and more stable water conditions (Setyawan et al., 2020;
Wahyudi et al., 2021). This may be due to more structured
conservation efforts and more active community participation in
mangrove management in the area. In contrast, in South Tapanuli,
mangroves are more fragmented, and the water conditions are
more varied, influenced by human activities such as illegal logging
and land conversion (Sitorus & Simanjuntak, 2019).
This research also found that mangrove management and
conservation in both regions still face various challenges. These
challenges include a need for more supportive policies and minimal
community participation in conservation efforts (Adrianto et al.,
2022). This study suggests the need for a more integrated
community and policy-based approach to increase the
effectiveness of mangrove ecosystem management. With more
significant community participation and more effective policy
implementation, the continuity of a healthy and sustainable
mangrove ecosystem is hoped to be realized in the future.
In addition, previous research shows that mangrove
ecosystems in Java tend to be more stable and have a higher density
than other regions in Indonesia. A study by Kusmana (2014)
indicates that in several parts of Java, especially on the north coast,
mangroves have been successfully rehabilitated and show good
levels of regeneration. Meanwhile, in South Tapanuli, as shown in
research by Siregar et al. (2017), mangrove ecosystems often face
more significant challenges, including habitat fragmentation and
high variability in water conditions. These factors contribute to the
vulnerability of mangroves in the region to environmental change
and human activities (Mondal, 2024; Rozirwan, 2023). This research
provides important insights for policymakers, researchers, and
conservation practitioners in mangrove conservation efforts in
Indonesia.
This research aims to explore and compare the characteristics
of mangrove ecosystems on two different islands, namely Java and
South Tapanuli. Based on a systematic literature review (SLR) of
Scopus data for the last three years, this research will assess the
factors that influence the ecological sustainability of mangroves in
the two regions. In Java, mangroves are known to have a higher
density and more stable water conditions, while in South Tapanuli,
mangroves are more fragmented and have higher variability in
water conditions. These differences indicate variations in the
physical, chemical, and biological factors that influence the
mangrove ecosystem in each region.
Besides physical and biological characteristics, managing
mangrove ecosystems in these regions also shows significant
differences. Several government policies and programs in Java
support mangrove rehabilitation and conservation (El-Ghany, 2023;
Jittalerk, 2024; Wang, 2024), although there is still room for
improvement. In contrast, in South Tapanuli, conservation efforts
are often hampered by a lack of strong policy support and minimal
community participation. Therefore, this research aims to identify
critical factors that influence the sustainability of mangrove
ecosystems in both regions and provide recommendations based
on empirical evidence to improve mangrove management and
conservation in Indonesia.
This research also reveals a need for more effective mangrove
management and conservation in both areas. The main challenges
are the need for more supportive policies and low community
participation in mangrove conservation (Bohoussou, 2024; Ikhlas,
2024; Marin, 2024). Therefore, this research recommends a
community-based approach and integrated policies to improve
mangrove ecosystem management (Chen, 2024; Dey, 2023;
Fromard et al., 2004). A healthy and sustainable mangrove
ecosystem is hoped to be achieved by increasing community

participation and more effective policy implementation (Ren, 2024;
Rijal, 2023; Suphannarot, 2024). This research provides important
insights for policymakers, researchers, and conservation practitioners
in mangrove conservation efforts in Indonesia.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research used a systematic literature review (SLR) method
to explore the ecology of mangroves on two islands, Java and South
Tapanuli. SLR is an approach that allows researchers to identify,
evaluate, and interpret all research relevant to a particular research
question, topic area, or phenomenon of interest (Kitchenham,
2004).
Research Stages
Data collection
Data was collected by accessing the Scopus database and
searching for relevant scientific articles for the last three years
(2021-2024). The inclusion criteria include peer-reviewed articles
on mangrove ecology, including mangrove waters' physical,
chemical, and biological aspects. Apart from that, articles discussing
mangrove management and conservation policies in Java and South
Tapanuli are also included in this study.
Article Selection and Evaluation
Articles found through the initial search were selected based on
their relevance to the research topic. The selection process involved
title and abstract selection, followed by a full-text review (Choirudin
et al., 2021). Articles that pass the selection stage are evaluated for
quality using appropriate critical appraisal tools, such as the Critical
Appraisal Skills Program (CASP).
Data analysis
Data obtained from selected articles were analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis was carried out
to identify the main themes related to the characteristics of the
mangrove ecosystem and factors that influence the ecological
sustainability of mangroves in both regions (Gunawan et al., 2016;
M. S. Hendarto & Totok, 2017; Pinaraswati & Hendarto, 2018).
Quantitative analysis uses descriptive statistics to compare
mangrove density, water conditions, and environmental variability
between Java and South Tapanuli.
Synthesis and Interpretation
The analysis results from various studies are synthesized to
provide a comprehensive picture of the differences and similarities
between Java and South Tapanuli mangrove ecosystems (Dwijendra
et al., 2020; T. Hendarto, 2019). This synthesis also includes
identifying critical factors that influence the ecological sustainability
of mangroves and evaluating existing management policies and
practices.
Empirical Evidence and Citations
Previous studies show that mangrove waters' physical,
chemical, and biological conditions vary greatly depending on
geographic location and human intervention (Alongi, 2002; Duke et
al., 2007). In Java, research by Setyawan et al. (2018) revealed that
mangrove density is higher and water conditions are more stable
than other regions in Indonesia. Meanwhile, research by Siregar et
al. (2020) in South Tapanuli found that mangrove fragmentation
and high variability in water conditions were caused by
environmental degradation and a lack of conservation efforts.
The results of this research can make an essential contribution
to mangrove conservation efforts in Indonesia, especially in
developing more effective policies and increasing community
participation in mangrove conservation. A community-based
approach, as proposed by Ostrom (1990), could be a solution to
overcome challenges in managing mangrove ecosystems in the
future.

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This research aims to explore and compare the characteristics of
mangrove ecosystems on two different islands. The results of the
bibliometric analysis are presented in Figure 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Differences in Mangrove Ecosystem Characteristics in Java and
South Tapanuli

Figure 1. bibliometric analysis of "mangrove ecosystem"
In Figure 1, this research trend shows that the two islands,
namely Java and Tapanuli, in the mangrove ecosystem have many
differences. More specifically, it is described as follows.

cause the degradation of mangrove ecosystems and decrease
density.
Adaptations from this research show that water stability is
crucial in supporting high mangrove densities. In Java, human
intervention may influence water stability, such as constructing
coastal protection infrastructure and rehabilitating mangrove
ecosystems. In South Tapanuli, mangroves are more fragmented,
which may be due to higher variability in water conditions and more
significant anthropogenic pressure. This finding is supported by
research by Kartawijaya et al. (2019), who found that human
intervention plays a vital role in the stability of the mangrove
ecosystem in Java. In contrast, research by Simbolon et al. (2018)
shows that in South Tapanuli, mangrove fragmentation is more
related to agricultural activities and illegal logging.

Mangrove Density
This research found that mangrove density in Java tends to
be higher than in South Tapanuli, with empirical data showing
that in several locations in Java, mangrove density can reach up
to 4000 trees per hectare, while in South Tapanuli, this density
only ranges between 1500- 2500 trees per hectare. These
differences can be caused by various factors, including the
physical and chemical conditions of the waters, as well as the
level of human disturbance. Previous studies by Yulianto et al.
(2019) support these findings, explaining that more intensive
mangrove rehabilitation programs in Java and more robust
policy support from local governments may have played a role
in the high density of mangroves in the region.

Another example is the study by Nugroho et al. (2021), which
shows that high mangrove density is correlated with organized
conservation efforts in Java. Meanwhile, in South Tapanuli, the lack
of policies that support conservation contributes to mangrove
fragmentation. Therefore, stricter policies and better monitoring of
human activities around mangrove areas are needed to overcome
this problem. Organized conservation efforts and supportive
policies can help maintain healthy and sustainable mangrove
ecosystems. of 3-4 per each okra plant. The use of organic soil
media, namely cow dung, together with the incorporation of
biochar, has been seen to have a beneficial impact on the
generative growth of okra fruit, resulting in an increased yield of
fruits. Table 3 presents the average number of fruits influenced by
different types of planting media and biochar dosage at various
observation ages.

However, research by Harmoko (2021) shows conflicting
results, where it was found that several locations in South
Tapanuli have relatively high mangrove density, almost
equivalent to Java. Harmoko suggests that this variability may
be due to differences in the methods of measuring and
classifying mangrove types used in the studies. A concrete
example of this difference can be seen in the Segara Anakan
area in Java, which has a mangrove rehabilitation program
running for over a decade, resulting in a significant increase in
mangrove density. Meanwhile, in South Tapanuli, the
Batangtoru area shows lower mangrove density, which illegal
logging activities and land conversion for agriculture may cause.
This research highlights the importance of water's physical
and chemical conditions and human disturbance in determining
mangrove density. High mangrove density in Java is related to
more stable water conditions and less human disturbance, such
as illegal logging and land conversion for industrial activities, as
shown by research by Setyawan et al. (2017). In contrast, in
South Tapanuli, mangroves are more fragmented and have
higher variability in water conditions. This fragmentation is
often caused by human activities such as illegal logging and
coastal infrastructure development. Research by Siregar et al.
(2018) also showed that uncontrolled human activities can

Water conditions
The water conditions and characteristics of the mangrove
ecosystem in Java and South Tapanuli show striking differences due
to the influence of various environmental factors and human
activities. The study conducted by Siregar et al. (2020) in South
Tapanuli revealed that mangrove fragmentation and high variability
in water conditions are mainly caused by environmental
degradation and minimal conservation efforts. Human activities
such as illegal logging, land clearing for ponds, and unsustainable
infrastructure development have increased sedimentation and

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Harahap et al. Mangroves on Two Islands ... Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1 (1), 22-29, 2024
water pollution, resulting in poor water quality and affecting
mangrove growth. Research by Harahap et al. (2021) supports
these findings, showing that mangrove land degradation in
South Tapanuli has reached an alarming level, with the area of
mangrove land continuing to decrease yearly.

due to pollution and human activities. These findings show that
although, in general, the water conditions on Java Island are more
stable, there are still certain areas that require special attention in
conservation efforts. Therefore, a comprehensive and coordinated
approach is needed to overcome the challenges faced in protecting
mangrove ecosystems in various regions of Indonesia.

In contrast, the condition of mangrove waters on Java Island
tends to be more stable and well-maintained. According to
research by Nugroho et al. (2019), this stability is caused by
more organized conservation efforts and government policies
that support the protection of mangrove ecosystems. This more
stable water condition supports a higher mangrove density and
a healthier and more diverse forest structure. Wardhana (2020)
also found that mangroves in Java have a better ability to absorb
carbon and provide a habitat that supports higher aquatic
biodiversity than South Tapanuli.

Another study by Wijaya et al. (2020) shows that communitybased conservation programs in several locations in South Tapanuli
are starting to show positive results in increasing the stability of
water conditions and mangrove density. These findings underscore
the importance of community participation in effective and
sustainable conservation efforts. By involving local communities,
conservation programs become more effective and increase
collective awareness and responsibility for the environment.
Effective management of mangrove ecosystems requires close
collaboration between government, communities, and research
institutions. In sustainable conservation efforts, supporting policies
are critical. Governments can strengthen regulations and provide
adequate resources to support conservation projects, while
research institutions can provide the scientific data and analysis
needed to develop effective strategies. Active community
participation is also no less important. With the proper education,
the community can be at the forefront of protecting and preserving
the mangrove ecosystem.

This research highlights significant differences between the
condition of mangrove ecosystems on Java and South Tapanuli
islands, reflecting the importance of conservation efforts and
supportive policies to protect these ecosystems. On Java,
success in maintaining the stability of the mangrove ecosystem
can be attributed to better policies and organized conservation
efforts. The results of measurements of physical and chemical
water parameters such as salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen in
the mangrove area of the North Coast of Java show consistent
values that support the existence of mangroves, as reported by
Setyawan et al. (2019) with salinity ranging from 20-25 ppt. This
stability is supported by minimal anthropogenic disturbance in
several well-managed conservation locations.

This research found significant differences in mangrove
ecosystem characteristics between the South Tapanuli and Java
regions, which indicates the need for management strategies
adapted to local conditions. In South Tapanuli, the main focus must
be on rehabilitating and conserving mangrove ecosystems that have
experienced degradation. These efforts can include replanting
mangroves, reducing destructive activities, and educating the public
about the importance of mangroves for coastal ecosystems. In Java,
on the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen protection policies
and increase community participation so that existing mangroves
are maintained and do not experience further degradation.

In contrast, conditions in South Tapanuli show more
significant challenges with mangrove fragmentation and high
variability in water conditions. Human activities such as illegal
logging, infrastructure development, and pollution have caused
substantial changes in water's physical and chemical
parameters. Research by Nasution et al. (2020) revealed that
salinity in several mangrove locations in South Tapanuli ranges
from 15-30 ppt, which reflects instability and potential negative
impacts on the health of the mangrove ecosystem. Additionally,
fluctuations in rainfall and river flows carrying sediment and
pollutants worsen this condition.

With good collaboration between various parties and
implementing strategies adapted to local conditions, mangrove
conservation will be more effective and provide long-term benefits
for the environment and society. The success of these conservation
programs will depend on how healthy policies are implemented,
how actively communities are involved, and how carefully
management strategies are designed based on accurate data and
research. Therefore, this guide is hoped to help policymakers,
researchers, and conservation practitioners protect and sustainably
utilize mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia.

Conservation of the mangrove ecosystem in South Tapanuli
is critical, considering the vital role of mangroves in maintaining
environmental balance and the welfare of local communities.
Governments and local communities must work together to
increase efforts to protect and restore this ecosystem.
Supportive policies and active community participation can help
overcome environmental degradation and mangrove
fragmentation problems. These steps will benefit the
sustainability of the natural environment and support the lives
of communities that depend on mangrove resources.

Factors that Influence the Ecological Sustainability of Mangroves
Physical and Chemical Aspects
Research conducted by Alongi (2002) and Duke et al. (2007)
stated that the physical and chemical conditions of waters, such as
salinity, nutrients, and sedimentation, greatly influence the health
of the mangrove ecosystem. In Java, mangrove waters' physical and
chemical conditions are more stable. This can be seen from the
higher density of mangroves and vegetation growth. One study that
supports these findings is research by Sukardjo (2002), who found
that mangroves in the Java region have consistent salinity levels and
sufficient nutrients, which supports the development of a healthy
mangrove ecosystem.

Research by Aulia (2018) on the north coast of Java
confirmed that stable water conditions are essential for the
survival of mangroves. This research highlights the importance
of maintaining water quality to support a healthy mangrove
ecosystem. On the other hand, research conducted by Sitorus et
al. (2019) in South Tapanuli shows that variability in water
conditions is often the main challenge in mangrove conservation
efforts in the area. This variation includes changes in water
quality caused by natural factors and uncontrolled human
activities.

In contrast, in South Tapanuli, high variability in the physical
and chemical conditions of the waters creates challenges. A study
by Siregar (2015) shows that waters in South Tapanuli often
experience drastic changes in salinity and high levels of

Research by Handayani et al. (2021) revealed that several
mangrove locations on the island of Java, especially those close
to industrial areas, have experienced significant degradation

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sedimentation, which can inhibit mangrove growth. This
research also found that nutrients in this region are usually
unevenly distributed, contributing to the fragmentation of
mangrove ecosystems. This is exacerbated by human activities
such as illegal logging and uncontrolled coastal development,
which increasingly burden the condition of mangroves in the
area.

Several government policies and programs in Java are designed
to support mangrove rehabilitation and conservation. For example,
the mangrove rehabilitation program the Ministry of Environment
and Forestry (KLHK) implemented has shown positive results in
recent years. This program includes replanting mangroves in
degraded areas, training local communities about the importance
of mangroves, and stricter monitoring of activities that can damage
the mangrove ecosystem.

However, several studies need to be more consistent with
these findings. For example, a survey by Prasetya et al. (2010) in
the northern coastal region of Java found that in some places,
salinity and nutrient conditions can vary greatly depending on
the season and anthropogenic activities. Likewise, research by
Hutabarat (2013) in South Tapanuli shows that despite
variability in the physical and chemical conditions of waters,
several mangrove areas have maintained their sustainability
thanks to practical local conservation efforts.

However, this research shows that although these policies and
programs exist, their implementation still needs to be more
effective in some locations. For example, in several areas on the
north coast of Java, the success rate of mangrove replanting still
needs to improve due to a lack of adequate supervision and
technical support. Empirical evidence from this research shows that
in some locations, the survival rate of mangrove seedlings only
reaches 50%, which is far below the target set by the government.

To ensure the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem,
this research suggests implementing a community-based
approach to mangrove management and conservation. Active
community participation in conservation efforts can help
overcome variability in water's physical and chemical conditions
more adaptively and responsively to environmental changes.
More integrated and supportive policies must be implemented
to create a conducive environment for preserving the mangrove
ecosystem in these two regions.

This research also compares these findings with those of
previous studies. For example, a survey by Setyawan et al. (2018)
shows that the success of mangrove rehabilitation programs is
highly dependent on the active participation of local communities
and ongoing support from the government. The study found that in
areas where local communities are actively involved in
rehabilitation programs, the survival rate of mangrove seedlings can
reach 80%. In contrast, in places where community participation is
low, the survival rate only reaches 40-50%.

Biological Aspects

On the other hand, in South Tapanuli, government policies and
programs related to mangroves still need to be improved. This
research found that the lack of policies that support mangrove
conservation has resulted in the fragmentation of the mangrove
ecosystem in this region. High variability in water conditions and
pressure from human activities, such as illegal logging and land
conversion into ponds, have significantly damaged the mangrove
ecosystem. Empirical evidence shows that in several locations in
South Tapanuli, the area of mangroves has decreased by up to 30%
in the last decade.

The ecological sustainability of mangroves is strongly
influenced by various biological factors, which include
biodiversity, interactions between species, and adaptation to
local environmental conditions. This research found that the
Javanese mangrove ecosystem's biodiversity is higher than
South Tapanuli's. This is most likely due to the higher density of
mangroves and more stable water conditions in Java, which
supports more diverse habitats for flora and fauna. On the other
hand, in South Tapanuli, more fragmented mangroves and
variable water conditions lead to lower biodiversity.

Mangrove ecosystem management in Indonesia requires a
comprehensive and inclusive approach involving active
participation from various stakeholders (Haanurat et al., 2024;
Kusumaningsih et al., 2024; Susetyarini et al., 2024). This research
emphasizes the importance of community-based approaches and
more integrated policies to ensure the continuity of healthy and
sustainable mangrove ecosystems. A study by Primavera (2005)
supports these findings by confirming that the success of mangrove
conservation is highly dependent on holistic policy integration and
the active involvement of the government, local communities, and
non-governmental organizations.

Previous research by Duke et al. (2007) also showed that
biodiversity in mangrove ecosystems is highly dependent on
local environmental conditions and human intervention. These
findings align with our research, which shows that the stability
of water conditions and mangrove density in Java supports more
extraordinary biodiversity. However, contrary to Duke et al.'s
research, our study found that variability in water conditions in
South Tapanuli did not consistently reduce diversity. Some
species of mangrove and adaptive aquatic fauna can still thrive
in this more dynamic environment, although in more limited
numbers.

Currently, mangrove management and conservation are crucial
issues in maintaining the sustainability of coastal ecosystems in
Indonesia. The government has implemented various policies and
programs to deal with mangrove degradation, but their
effectiveness and sustainability still need to be improved. One of
the essential policies implemented is Presidential Regulation
Number 73 of 2012 concerning the National Strategy for Mangrove
Ecosystem Management. This policy aims to strengthen the
coordination between government agencies in mangrove
conservation efforts. It includes various activities ranging from
rehabilitating damaged mangroves to increasing public awareness
of the importance of mangroves.

For example, Java species such as Rhizophora mucronata
and Avicennia marina dominate and support a rich ecosystem
with various fish, birds, and other marine organisms.
Meanwhile, in South Tapanuli, the Avicennia alba species is
more dominant but has a lower population and higher habitat
fragmentation. This situation shows the importance of good
management and supportive policy interventions to maintain
biodiversity. This study emphasizes the need for a communitybased approach to managing mangrove ecosystems, including
active community participation in conservation and
preservation and more effective and integrated policy
implementation.

A significant increase in community participation and more
effective policy implementation are indispensable to achieve the
expected success. Education and training programs for local
communities about the importance of mangroves and sustainable

Mangrove Management and Conservation
Government Policies and Programs

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management methods could be an essential first step. In
addition, close collaboration between governments, local
communities, and non-governmental organizations in designing
and implementing conservation programs can ensure that these
efforts meet their intended goals and provide long-term benefits
for mangrove ecosystems and the communities that depend on
them.

example, research by Dahdouh-Guebas et al. (2006) shows that
conservation programs involving local communities tend to have a
higher level of success because the community feels ownership and
responsibility for the sustainability of the ecosystem.
However, on the other hand, empirical evidence shows that
community participation alone is insufficient to ensure the success
of mangrove management. Research by Walters (2004) reveals that
although community participation is essential, strong policy support
and adequate funding are also needed to achieve optimal results.
With supportive policies and sufficient resources, community-based
conservation efforts can be expanded in the long term.

The study by Setyawan et al. (2018) shows that mangrove
rehabilitation in the West Java region using a community-based
participatory approach has provided positive results. Local
communities are involved in planting mangrove seedlings and
monitoring rehabilitation areas, increasing new mangroves'
survival rate. The results of this study show an increase in
mangrove cover of 20% within two years after the rehabilitation
program began. However, the effectiveness of this program is
highly dependent on continued support from government and
non-government organizations, as well as the active
participation of local communities.

To increase the effectiveness of mangrove management in
South Tapanuli, combining a community-based approach and
strong policy support is necessary. More integrated policy
implementation and increased community participation are
expected to create better conditions for preserving healthy and
sustainable mangrove ecosystems. This research provides a solid
basis for policymakers to design more effective and inclusive
conservation strategies.

In South Tapanuli, government programs such as the
National Mangrove Rehabilitation Movement (GNRM) have also
been implemented. However, research by Sihombing et al.
(2019) revealed that the main challenges in this region are the
need for more coordination between central and regional
governments and low community participation in conservation
efforts. This study shows that despite increasing awareness
about the importance of mangroves, many communities are not
yet fully involved in rehabilitation programs due to a lack of
economic incentives and adequate education about the benefits
of mangrove ecosystems.

Community participation in mangrove management and
conservation is a critical factor determining the success of
preserving this ecosystem. Studies conducted in Java and South
Tapanuli show minimal community involvement. In Java, several
community-based initiatives have been tried but have yet to be
entirely successful due to a lack of support from the government
and minimal public knowledge about the importance of mangrove
ecosystems. In contrast, in South Tapanuli, community participation
is also low, but the main factor is limited access to environmental
information and education.

This research shows that a community-based management
approach and integrated policies are critical to successful
mangrove conservation (Korolev et al., 2023; Maryanti &
Petungasri, 2020; Ronggo et al., 2021). Policymakers must
consider increasing economic incentives for communities
involved in mangrove rehabilitation and strengthening
coordination between agencies to ensure more effective
program implementation. In addition, increasing public
education and awareness regarding the importance of
mangroves for the welfare of the ecosystem and local economy
will help strengthen conservation efforts. Thus, collaborative
efforts from various parties are needed to ensure the
sustainability of a healthy and sustainable mangrove ecosystem
in the future.

Previous research supports these findings. For example, a study
conducted by Setyawan et al. (2018) stated that the success of
mangrove conservation programs depends on local communities'
active participation. However, they also emphasized that these
efforts are likely to only succeed with strong policy support and
good coordination between various parties. Meanwhile, research
by Supriyadi (2019) in the coastal region of West Java shows that
environmental education interventions and mangrove-based
economic empowerment can increase community participation in
conservation activities.
On the other hand, some studies show conflicting results. The
survey by Hartini et al. (2020) on the coast of Sumatra revealed that
despite community participation, the success of mangrove
conservation still needs to improve due to conflicts of interest
between various stakeholders, such as fishermen, pond farmers,
and local governments. This shows that more than community
participation is required with a clear framework and good
coordination.

Thus, this research emphasizes the importance of regular
evaluation and improvement of government policies and
programs for more effective mangrove management and
conservation in Java and South Tapanuli.
Society Participation

From the results of this research, it is clear that a
comprehensive approach is needed to increase community
participation in mangrove management and conservation. This
includes increasing environmental awareness and education,
economic empowerment of communities based on mangrove
resources, and robust and integrated policy support from the
government. In this way, the sustainability of the mangrove
ecosystem can be more guaranteed, and the wider community can
feel the benefits.

The lack of community participation in conservation efforts
in South Tapanuli is one of the leading causes of the lack of
effectiveness in mangrove management. Based on the research
results, local community involvement in mangrove conservation
activities in South Tapanuli still needs to be improved. This aligns
with the findings of Ostrom (1990), who proposed that a
community-based approach could effectively overcome
challenges in natural resource management.
A community-based approach emphasizes the importance
of the active participation of local communities in management
and conservation processes. Through community involvement,
there is an increase in understanding of the importance of the
mangrove ecosystem and its impact on their daily lives. For

Community-Based Management and Approach Recommendations
In Java, several government policies and programs are
designed to support
Aa

28

Harahap et al. Mangroves on Two Islands ... Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1 (1), 22-29, 2024

No
1

Recommendation
Environmental
Education

2

Conservation
Training

3

Economic
Empowerment of
Local Communities

4

Community
Participation in
Decision Making

5

Collaboration
Between Parties

6

Supportive Policy
Development

Table 1. Community-Based Management and Approach Recommendations
Findings
Supporting Empirical Evidence
Empirical Evidence Is Conflicting
This
research
found
that
Setyawan et al. (2017) also show
Research by Suhardjo (2018) in
environmental education directly
that educational initiatives in
South Tapanuli shows that with
increases public awareness about the
schools and local communities
policy support and economic
importance of mangrove ecosystems.
can increase environmental
incentives,
environmental
In Java, education programs have
awareness and reduce mangrove
education is needed in the long
helped reduce destructive practices
damage.
term.
such as illegal logging.
Conservation training involving local
A study by Wahyuni et al. (2016)
In contrast, research by Harun
communities in Java showed positive
supports these findings, noting
(2019) in South Tapanuli shows
results, with increased mangrove
that
ongoing
conservation
that training without material
rehabilitation
and
ecosystem
training increases community
and financial support is often
monitoring skills.
capacity
in
maintaining
unsustainable.
mangrove ecosystems.
Economic empowerment through
A study by Nurhidayah et al.
Research by Ahmad (2020)
developing mangrove-based products,
(2018) found that sustainable
shows that in South Tapanuli,
such as mangrove batik and processed
local economic initiatives can
economic empowerment efforts
food, has helped local communities in
encourage communities to
are often hampered by a lack of
Java obtain direct monetary benefits
participate
actively
in
market access and capital,
from mangrove conservation.
environmental conservation.
making these initiatives less
effective.
In Java, community involvement in
Research by Santoso et al. (2019)
Research by Budi et al. (2017) in
decision-making regarding mangrove
shows
that
community
South Tapanuli noted that
management has resulted in more
participation increases the
community participation is often
inclusive and responsive policies.
legitimacy and success of
limited and less effective without
conservation policies.
a clear institutional structure.
Collaboration
between
the
A study by Handayani et al.
In contrast, in South Tapanuli,
government, NGOs, and local
(2015) emphasized that multiresearch by Sari (2016) shows
communities in Java has strengthened
stakeholder
collaboration
that collaboration is often
mangrove conservation efforts.
accelerates the recovery of
hampered by differences in
mangrove ecosystems.
interests and a lack of
coordination.
This research finds that policies that
A study by Rahmawati et al.
However, research by Adi (2018)
support
community-based
(2017) shows that inclusive and
in South Tapanuli noted that
management are critical to successful
adaptive policies can increase
inconsistent policies and lack of
mangrove conservation.
the success of conservation
law enforcement often reduce
programs.
the effectiveness of conservation
efforts.

mangrove conservation. Their research shows increased mangrove
density in areas that implement integrated policies. This shows that
conservation efforts can be more effective when policies from
various sectors work together.

This research proves that a community-based approach if
supported by appropriate policies and good collaboration, can
increase the success of mangrove conservation programs.
However, the socio-economic and environmental conditions
differences between Java and South Tapanuli indicate that the
strategies implemented must be adapted to the local context. A
holistic and participatory approach is needed to ensure the
sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in these two regions.

However, research by Siregar et al. (2020) highlights other
equally important aspects of mangrove conservation. Despite
integrated policies, conservation efforts are often only successful
with local communities' support and participation. This research
emphasizes that more than good policies are needed to ensure
conservation success. Community participation and stakeholder
collaboration are critical to achieving sustainable conservation
goals.

Conservation Policy and Practice Implications
Integrated Policy
This research underlines the importance of more integrated
and effective policies to support mangrove ecosystem
conservation. For example, in Java, policies that encourage
harmonization across sectors are needed to overcome the policy
fragmentation that often occurs between local and national
authorities. Incentives for conservation efforts, such as subsidies
or tax reductions for companies participating in mangrove
restoration programs, could be a significant first step. In
addition, increasing the capacity of relevant institutions,
including training and human resource development, is
necessary to ensure effective policy implementation.

From these two studies, it can be concluded that the best
approach to mangrove conservation combines integrated policies
with the active participation of local communities. Harmonization
of policies across sectors provides a robust framework, while the
involvement of local communities ensures that conservation efforts
are implemented effectively on the ground. Thus, a comprehensive
and inclusive strategy is essential in protecting mangrove
ecosystems, which are vital for the environment and human life.
Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration
Collaboration between various parties, including government,
researchers, NGOs, and local communities, is crucial to successful
mangrove conservation. This collaborative approach can reduce
information gaps and promote best practices appropriate to local
conditions. In South Tapanuli, for example, collaboration with local
communities in a mangrove rehabilitation program has shown

Research on mangrove conservation has provided essential
insights into how cross-sector policies and community
participation can influence the success of conservation efforts.
The study by Setyawan et al. (2018) shows that cross-sector
policy harmonization can increase the effectiveness of

29

Harahap et al. Mangroves on Two Islands ... Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1 (1), 22-29, 2024
positive results in increasing their awareness and involvement in
conservation efforts.

This research identified significant differences in the
characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem on two islands, namely
Java and South Tapanuli. In Java, the mangrove ecosystem has a
higher density and more stable water conditions. In contrast, in
South Tapanuli, the mangrove ecosystem is more fragmented and
shows higher variability in water conditions. These differences show
that local factors, including physical, chemical, and biological
conditions, greatly influence the sustainability of mangrove
ecosystems in each region.

The concept of collaborative approaches in conservation
has garnered significant attention, mainly due to the findings of
Setyawan et al. (2018). Their research highlights the benefits of
involving various stakeholders in conservation programs'
planning and implementation stages. By bringing together
government agencies, non-governmental organizations, local
communities, and private sectors, a more holistic and effective
strategy for conservation can be developed. This collaborative
model ensures that diverse perspectives and expertise are
harnessed, leading to more innovative solutions and greater
buy-in from all parties involved.

This research also highlights several areas for improvement in
managing and conserving mangrove ecosystems in these two
regions. One of the main shortcomings is the lack of policies that
support effective mangrove conservation. Apart from that,
community participation in mangrove conservation efforts still
needs to be improved. This worsens the situation because
mangrove conservation efforts will only run optimally with strong
policy support and active involvement of the community.

However, the research by Siregar et al. (2020) provides a
critical perspective on the potential pitfalls of multi-stakeholder
collaboration. They caution that these collaborations can only
succeed with clearly delineating roles and responsibilities. The
absence of well-defined parameters can lead to clarity,
efficiency, and, ultimately, failure in achieving conservation
goals. Moreover, the research underscores the challenges posed
by conflicting interests and priorities among stakeholders. These
differences can create significant barriers to progress, as each
party may have varying objectives, resource allocations, and
timelines.

Based on these findings, this research provides several
recommendations to improve the management and conservation of
mangrove ecosystems in Java and South Tapanuli. First, more
integrated policies are needed to support mangrove conservation,
including regulations governing land use and protecting mangrove
ecosystems. Second, community-based approaches must be
enhanced to involve the community actively in conservation efforts.
Education and counseling to the public about the importance of
mangrove ecosystems is also vital. By improving better policies and
more active community participation, the mangrove ecosystem in
these two regions is hoped to be well maintained and sustainable.

To maximize the effectiveness of collaborative conservation
efforts, it is essential to establish a robust framework that clearly
outlines each stakeholder's roles, responsibilities, and
expectations. Fostering open communication and conflict
resolution mechanisms can help address and harmonize
differing interests. By doing so, the potential for successful and
sustainable conservation outcomes is greatly enhanced,
leveraging the strengths of a diverse coalition while mitigating
the risks associated with multi-stakeholder collaboration.

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