Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, vol. 2 (2), pp. 01-10, 2025
Received 20 Mei 2025/published 28 July 2025
ISSN: 3062-8393

Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation:
Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic
Prosperity and Eco-Friendly Practices in
Simple Concrete Ponds
Didik Budiyanto1, Totok Hendarto2, Sutarmin3, and Ardianik4
Universitas Dr Soetomo Surabaya, Indonesia
E-mail correspondence to: totok@unitomo.ac.id

Abstract
Catfish cultivation in Indonesia is crucial for food security and the
economy, but faces efficiency and sustainability challenges. This study
analyzes the impact of feed quality on production efficiency, economics,
and environmental sustainability in simple concrete ponds. Using a
controlled experimental design and three different feed treatments,
results show that high-quality feed reduces the Feed Conversion Ratio
(FCR), increases biomass, and provides better economic returns. Ecofriendly feed also supports water quality stability. These findings
highlight the importance of feed innovation for sustainable aquaculture
and recommend cross-sector collaboration to strengthen food systems.
Keywords: catfish cultivation, feed quality, production efficiency,
environmental sustainability, cross-sector collaboration.

INTRODUCTION
Catfish (Clarias sp.) cultivation has become a key pillar in
supporting food security and economic development,
particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. Globally, the
aquaculture sector (Wang et al., 2021, 2021), with catfish as one
of its primary commodities, contributes significantly to the
supply of animal protein. This sector provides more than 25% of
the animal protein needs of approximately one billion people
worldwide, while also creating jobs and incomes in rural areas.
The sector's rapid growth is driven by increasing demand for

© 2025 This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

fishery products that cannot be fully met by capture fisheries,
making aquaculture a strategic solution to address the challenges
of global food security (Alizzi, 2024; Campbell et al., 2022), climate
change (Liu, 2016; Zhang, 2018), and limited natural resources.
However, despite these positive contributions, catfish cultivation
faces a number of complex issues and challenges. One of the biggest
challenges is feed sustainability, where feed costs can reach more
than 50% of total production costs. Reliance on conventional feed
ingredients such as fishmeal and fish oil not only increases costs but
also raises environmental concerns due to the exploitation of
marine resources and the potential for water pollution from feed
waste. In addition, other challenges faced include production
efficiency, market volatility, disease management, and limited
access of smallholder farmers to technology and fair markets
(Baubekova, 2024; Cotovicz, 2024; Mamidala, 2023).
Another challenge in catfish farming is climate change, which can
affect the cultivation environment. Extreme changes in water
temperature can cause stress in catfish, potentially reducing growth
rates and increasing the risk of disease. Furthermore, erratic rainfall
can affect pond water quality, increasing the burden on farmers to
maintain optimal ecosystem stability for catfish growth. This
weather uncertainty forces farmers to adapt quickly, which often
requires additional costs and in-depth technical knowledge.

Budiyanto et al. Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation: Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic Prosperity and Eco-Friendly
Practices in Simple Concrete Ponds

Previous research has extensively addressed the nutritional and
feed efficiency aspects of catfish farming. For example, studies by
Robinson et al. (2022) and Kumar et al. (2021) highlight the
importance of efficient and economical feed formulation and its
impact on growth and the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Other
studies by Tucker & Hargreaves (2020) and Engle (2021) emphasize
the importance of appropriate feeding practices and the use of
environmental sustainability indicators in aquaculture systems.
Furthermore, research related to feed innovations based on
alternative raw materials, such as insects, microalgae, and
agricultural waste, has been conducted by Zhang et al. (2023),
Sogari et al. (2022), and AquaBioTech Group (2024), demonstrating
the potential to reduce dependence on fishmeal and fish oil and
positive environmental impacts.
Beyond feed innovation, other challenges in catfish farming are
disease control and water quality. Research by Nugraha et al.
(2023) indicates that diseases such as bacterial and parasitic
infections can cause significant losses if not properly managed. This
study highlights the importance of regular fish health monitoring
and the use of probiotics as a preventative measure. Furthermore,
water quality management is a key concern, as research by Santoso
& Rahmawati (2022) emphasized the need for an effective filtration
system and water parameter settings to ensure an optimal culture
environment for catfish growth. This combination of strategies is
expected to increase the success and sustainability of catfish
farming businesses.
However, there is a significant research gap, particularly regarding
the integration of economic, environmental, and social aspects into
sustainable feed innovation for catfish farming in simple concrete
ponds. Most research still focuses solely on technical or nutritional
aspects, while studies that holistically integrate production
efficiency, economic impact, and environmental sustainability are
limited. Furthermore, research on optimizing concrete pond
systems from a sustainability and affordability perspective for
smallholder farmers is also limited.
Beyond this research gap, there is also a gap in access to catfish
farming technology and knowledge among smallholder farmers.
Many farmers still rely on traditional methods that are less efficient

and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the distribution of
information on best farming practices is often uneven, leading to
significant variations in production yields. These challenges are
exacerbated by limited access to the financial resources necessary to
adopt new technologies or to attend relevant training. This creates
disparities in productivity and competitiveness among catfish farmers,
ultimately impacting their well-being.
The novelty of this research lies in its interdisciplinary approach, which
not only analyzes the influence of feed quality on FCR but also
evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of using
sustainable feed in catfish farming in simple concrete ponds. This
research aims to identify the interactions between technical,
economic, and social factors in sustainable feed development by
adopting an innovation systems theory framework and a three-pillar
sustainability approach (economic, social, and environmental). The
concepts used include production efficiency (FCR), environmental
sustainability (e.g., water quality, carbon footprint), and farmer
welfare as part of a sustainable food system.
Thus, this research is expected to fill the literature gap by providing a
more comprehensive understanding of sustainable feed innovation
and offering empirically based recommendations for the development
of efficient, environmentally friendly, and economically and socially
inclusive catfish aquaculture systems.

RESEARCH METHODS
2.1 Research Design
This study employs a controlled experimental design with a
quantitative approach to examine the impact of feed quality on
production efficiency, economy (Khalil, 2017; Wamala, 2018), and
environmental sustainability in catfish farming in simple concrete
ponds. Three different feed treatments (high, medium, and low
quality) are applied to groups of catfish maintained under uniform
environmental conditions (Chen, 2024; Poudyal et al., 2019). Each
treatment is replicated three times to enhance the validity and
reliability of the research results. Experimental research with
replication and environmental control has proven effective in modern
aquaculture studies (Zhang et al., 2023). This flowchart illustrates the
main research flow from pond preparation to data analysis.

Figure 1. Flowchart of Experimental Design

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Budiyanto et al. Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation: Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic Prosperity and Eco-Friendly
Practices in Simple Concrete Ponds
This diagram emphasizes randomization, replication, and control at
each stage of the experiment, in line with sustainable aquaculture
research standards.

weight (3 grams). Feed treatment placement in the ponds is done
randomly to avoid bias. Environmental parameters such as
temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are monitored periodically
using digital tools to ensure uniformity among the ponds. Pond setup
and treatment randomization are standard practices in aquaculture
research to enhance internal validity (Coloso et al., 2021). This table
shows the distribution of ponds, number of fish, and type of feed given.

2.2 Pond and Sample Setup
Nine units of concrete ponds measuring 2x3x1 meters are
prepared, each stocked with 100 catfish fry with uniform initial

Figure 2. Table of Pond and Feed Assignment
This table clarifies the distribution of treatments and the number of
fish in each pond, supporting the transparency of the experimental
design.

of feed used include high, medium, and low-quality commercial feed,
with different nutritional compositions and prices. All ponds are
maintained with the same water quality and sanitation management
standards to minimize confounding variables. Scheduled feeding and
dose adjustment based on biomass are best practices in catfish farming
(Smith et al., 2022). This diagram shows the comparison of nutritional
composition in the three types of feed.

2.3 Feeding and Maintenance Procedures
Feed is given twice daily (morning and afternoon) with a dose of 3%
of fish biomass weight, adjusted weekly based on growth. The types

Image Name: Feed Composition Comparison
This visualization clarifies the nutritional content differences
between feeds, which affect growth and production efficiency.

2.4 Measurement and Data Collection
Fish length and weight are measured monthly for three months using

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Budiyanto et al. Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation: Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic Prosperity and Eco-Friendly
Practices in Simple Concrete Ponds
a ruler and digital scales. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) data is
calculated monthly. Water quality (temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen) is measured weekly. All data is systematically recorded for
each pond and treatment. Regular measurement and structured

data recording are crucial for growth analysis and feed efficiency
(Zhang et al., 2023). This table shows the parameters measured and
the frequency of measurement.

Figure 3 Measurement Schedule Table
This table ensures that all important parameters are consistently
monitored, supporting data validity.

are found, a Tukey HSD post-hoc test is conducted. Analysis is
performed using SPSS version 25 software. The choice of ANOVA is
based on the experimental design with more than two treatment
groups. The use of ANOVA and post-hoc tests is a standard method in
aquaculture research to compare treatment effectiveness (Smith et al.,
2022). This mindmap illustrates the data analysis flow from input to
result interpretation.

2.5 Statistical Analysis
Data is analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard
deviation) and a one-way ANOVA test to determine the significance
of differences between feed treatments. If significant differences

Figure 4: Statistical Analysis Mindmap
The mindmap highlights a clear analysis sequence, beginning with
data input, followed by the calculation of descriptive statistics. This
is succeeded by conducting an ANOVA to assess significant
differences among groups. Once ANOVA results are obtained, a
post-hoc test is performed to pinpoint where these differences lie.
Finally, the process culminates in the interpretation of the findings,
providing meaningful insights based on the analyzed data.

2.6 Environmental Control and Research Ethics
During the study, environmental parameters (temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen) are monitored and maintained within optimal
ranges. If deviations occur, corrective actions such as additional
aeration or water replacement are taken. This study also considers fish
welfare and research ethics principles, including data transparency and
fair access to information for all stakeholders.

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Budiyanto et al. Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation: Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic Prosperity and Eco-Friendly
Practices in Simple Concrete Ponds
2.7 Linkages to SDGs and Educational Impact

This study aims to evaluate the impact of feed quality on catfish
growth, feed conversion efficiency, and economic implications in a
sustainability context. Here are the sub-sections of the research
findings along with their creative visualizations.

This study contributes to SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 9
(Innovation and Infrastructure) by integrating STEM approaches
and innovation into fish farming education. Additionally, it supports
SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 17 (Partnerships) by involving
various stakeholders and inclusive educational practices.

3.1 Catfish Growth Based on Feed Quality
Catfish growth is significantly influenced by the quality of feed
provided. Data from tOTOK 1.pdf shows a significant difference in the
length and weight of fish over a 3-month rearing period.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results

Figure 5: Growth Comparison Table
This table shows that fish given high-quality feed grow faster and
larger compared to medium and low-quality feed [Smith et al.,
2022].

The growth of catfish was measured based on length and weight every
month for three months. The results showed significant differences
between feed treatments.

3.2 Catfish Growth

Figure 6. Growth Line Chart

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Budiyanto et al. Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation: Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic Prosperity and Eco-Friendly
Practices in Simple Concrete Ponds
High-quality feed resulted in the most significant length and weight
growth, followed by medium feed, with the lowest growth
observed with low-quality feed. These results are consistent with
studies by Smith et al. (2022) and Zhang et al. (2023), which confirm
the importance of optimal nutrition for fish growth.

3.3 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Statistical Validation
FCR is a key indicator of feed efficiency. The lower the FCR, the more
efficiently the feed is converted into fish biomass.

Figure 7: FCR Bar Chart
FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) serves as a crucial metric in assessing
feed efficiency, with a lower FCR indicating a more effective
conversion of feed into fish biomass. A bar chart overview highlights
that high-quality feed achieves the lowest FCR of 1.2, followed by
medium-quality feed with an FCR of 1.5, and low-quality feed
resulting in the highest FCR at 2.0. These findings are supported by
an ANOVA test revealing significant differences between the
treatments (p < 0.05) [[tOTOK 1.pdf]] [[Zhang et al., 2023]]. Utilizing
high-quality feed not only results in the lowest FCR, indicating
maximum efficiency, but also reduces the amount of feed required

for the same growth, leading to decreased production costs and waste.
In contrast, medium-quality feed offers a moderate FCR, while lowquality feed yields the highest FCR, representing the least efficiency
(Zhang et al., 2023].
3.4 Biomass Production
Biomass production refers to the total weight of fish produced per
individual over three months. High biomass is directly proportional to
the potential income of farmers.

Figure 8: Biomass Production Table

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Budiyanto et al. Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation: Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic Prosperity and Eco-Friendly
Practices in Simple Concrete Ponds
High-quality feed results in the highest biomass, followed by
medium-quality feed, with the lowest biomass observed with low-

quality feed. High biomass means greater potential income and
economic profit for farmers [Smith et al., 2022].

Figure 9. Feed Quality
The economic benefits of investing in high-quality feed are clear, as
the improved growth rates and biomass production translate
directly into increased profitability for farmers. This aligns with the
findings from Smith et al. (2022), which emphasize that although
the initial cost of high-quality feed is greater, the return on
investment is substantial due to enhanced efficiency and higher
yield. Moreover, farmers can achieve more sustainable practices by
reducing the feed-to-fish conversion ratio, thereby minimizing
waste and lowering environmental impact. These practices not only
support the economic objectives of the farmers but also contribute
to broader environmental goals by promoting responsible

aquaculture practices
In summary, choosing the right feed is a critical decision in catfish
farming, influencing not only growth and production efficiency but also
the economic and environmental outcomes of the farm. By
understanding the trade-offs and benefits of different feed types,
farmers can make informed choices that align with both their financial
goals and sustainability objectives.
3.5 Economic Impact of Feed Usage
Investing in high-quality feed yields better economic results despite the
higher initial cost.

Figure 9: Economic Impact Meme
This meme emphasizes that the high cost of feed is balanced by the
harvest yield and profits obtained, according to empirical findings
[Smith et al., 2022].

3.6 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
The use of eco-friendly feed, such as low-phosphorus options, plays a
pivotal role in maintaining water quality and reducing pollution in

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Budiyanto et al. Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation: Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic Prosperity and Eco-Friendly
Practices in Simple Concrete Ponds
aquaculture environments. This approach not only helps sustain the
ecosystem by minimizing nutrient runoff and preventing
eutrophication but also promotes the overall health of aquatic
habitats. The accompanying environmental flowchart effectively
illustrates the interconnected relationships between eco-friendly
feed choices, improved water quality, and the health of
ecosystems. By emphasizing the critical link between sustainable
feed practices and environmental conservation, this research
highlights the importance of adopting innovative and ecologically
responsible aquaculture methods.

Indonesia is Rp 10,000–15,000/kg, burdening small farmers with
limited capital, leading them to opt for cheaper feed, affecting growth
and yield.
Proposed solutions include feed management training, alternative feed
development, and cross-sector collaboration. Feed management
training aims to improve feed usage efficiency. Developing alternative
feeds based on local raw materials or alternative protein sources like
insects and microalgae can lower feed costs and environmental impact.
Cross-sector collaboration among government, private sector,
academics, and farmers is essential to support research, production,
and distribution of innovative feed.

This study significantly contributes to several Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), showcasing its extensive impact on
both direct and indirect aspects of sustainability. By enhancing food
production through improved catfish growth and feed efficiency, it
directly supports SDG 2 (Zero Hunger). The promotion of
responsible consumption and production aligns with SDG 12,
advocating for sustainable aquaculture practices that reduce waste
and improve resource use efficiency. Furthermore, the
environmental advantages of high-quality feed, such as reduced
pollution and enhanced water quality, support SDG 13 (Climate
Action) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water), fostering sustainable
aquatic ecosystems. Indirectly, the research bolsters SDG 4 (Quality
Education) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by
integrating educational innovation through contextual learning in
STEM fields. It also promotes SDG 5 (Gender Equality) by
encouraging female participation in STEM programs and aligns with
SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) through cross-sector
collaboration. This collaborative approach, involving farmers,
researchers, and government entities, is essential for driving
innovation and sustainability in aquaculture, as depicted in the
Interdisciplinary Stakeholder Diagram.

Previous research by Hasan et al. (2012) and FAO (2016) highlights
similar challenges in developing countries. They emphasize that feed
costs are the largest component in fish farming and access to quality
feed often limits productivity. These studies recommend developing
locally-based alternative feed and feed management training as main
solutions. The success of these solutions depends heavily on policy
support, access to financing, and cross-sector partnerships.
The challenges faced by catfish farmers in Indonesia are systemic and
interconnected. Solutions must be holistic and sustainable, involving
training, alternative feed development, policy support, and financing
access. Cross-sector collaboration is key to overcoming innovation
adoption barriers at the small farmer level and ensuring the
sustainability of the aquaculture food system.
Cross-sector collaboration models involve partnerships between
government, private sector, universities, industry, NGOs, and farmer
communities. The government provides regulations, incentives, and
infrastructure support, while the private sector plays a role in
producing and distributing innovative feed. Universities conduct
research on feed formulation, FCR efficiency, and environmental
impact, while industry applies research results into commercial
products. NGOs facilitate training, advocacy, and farmer assistance,
and help build alternative feed distribution networks. Farmer
communities become partners in testing and spreading innovations.

Discussion
Concrete ponds are chosen in catfish farming due to their
numerous advantages relevant to modern and sustainable
production. Concrete is a construction material that resists physical
damage from extreme weather and predator attacks like rats and
snakes. Concrete ponds are also easy to manage, particularly in
cleaning feed residues and waste, ensuring optimal water quality.
Concrete helps stabilize water temperature, avoiding stress on fish
and boosting productivity. A stable environment allows for the
application of high-quality feed with optimal feed conversion
efficiency (FCR).

The benefits of this collaboration are accelerating innovation,
expanding farmers' access to new technology and feed, and
strengthening the national food system.
Cross-sector collaboration has proven effective in several countries in
accelerating innovation adoption in agriculture and aquaculture
sectors. A study by Belton et al. (2017) in Bangladesh and Vietnam
shows partnerships between government, private sector, and NGOs
improve farmers' access to new technology and accelerate the
adoption of sustainable farming practices. In Indonesia, partnership
programs like Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) and integrated training by the
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries have shown positive results in
improving productivity and farmer welfare.

Previous research supports the advantages of concrete ponds over
tarpaulin or soil ponds. Studies by the Bureau of Agriculture and
Fisheries Product Standards (2010) and local research in Indonesia
show that concrete ponds are more durable, easier to manage, and
effective at maintaining water quality. Suryaningrum et al. (2018)
found that concrete ponds maintain more stable water
temperatures and minimize water leakage risks, making them
suitable for intensive farming and modern technologies like
automatic aeration and digital water quality monitoring. However,
the initial construction costs are high, although long-term
maintenance costs and harvest failure risks can be reduced.

Cross-sector collaboration is a catalyst for transforming the
aquaculture food system to be inclusive, efficient, and sustainable.
Challenges in implementing this collaboration include actor
coordination, clear role division, and program sustainability. Long-term
commitment from all parties is necessary for the benefits of
collaboration to be widely felt by small farmers and society.

The advantages of concrete ponds are not only technical but also
support the transformation of traditional farming into modern and
sustainable systems. Robust infrastructure and stable
environments encourage farmers to confidently invest in highquality feed and new technology, enhancing productivity and
efficiency.

The success of catfish farming in concrete ponds is influenced not only
by technical factors but also by the system's ability to adapt to
economic, social, and environmental challenges. The advantages of
concrete ponds, if supported by feed innovation, training, and crosssector collaboration, can be the foundation for a sustainable and
inclusive aquaculture system. Reflections from previous research show
that the success of solutions depends on the synergy among actors,
policy support, and program sustainability at the grassroots level.

The main challenges in catfish farming in concrete ponds are the
high feed prices, limited capital for small farmers, and the need for
environmentally friendly feed. The price of high-quality feed in

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Budiyanto et al. Reimagining Catfish (Clarias sp.) Cultivation: Crafting Sustainable Feed for Economic Prosperity and Eco-Friendly
Practices in Simple Concrete Ponds
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CONCLUSION
The study underscores the critical role of feed quality in enhancing
the sustainability and economic viability of catfish (Clarias sp.)
cultivation in simple concrete ponds. The experimental results
demonstrate that high-quality feed significantly lowers the Feed
Conversion Ratio (FCR), thereby improving biomass yield and
economic returns. It also contributes to maintaining stable water
quality, which is vital for the health and growth of catfish. These
outcomes affirm that innovations in feed formulation are essential
for addressing the pressing challenges of production efficiency and
environmental sustainability in aquaculture. Moreover, the
research highlights the necessity of a holistic approach that
integrates technical, economic, and environmental perspectives to
propel the sustainable development of the aquaculture sector.
Recommendations:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Invest in Feed Innovation: Stakeholders in the aquaculture
industry should prioritize research and development of highquality and eco-friendly feed formulations. This investment will
yield long-term benefits by enhancing production efficiency
and reducing environmental impact.
Enhance Cross-Sector Collaboration: Collaboration between
government agencies, academic institutions, and private
sector players is crucial. Such partnerships can facilitate the
sharing of knowledge, resources, and technology, thereby
strengthening the entire food system.
Support Smallholder Farmers: Provide targeted support to
smallholder farmers to improve their access to sustainable
feed and modern aquaculture technologies. This support could
include training programs, financial assistance, and access to
markets, which would contribute to reducing disparities and
improving livelihoods.
Implement Regular Monitoring Programs: Establish
comprehensive monitoring programs for environmental
parameters and fish health to ensure optimal conditions for
catfish growth. This proactive approach will help in mitigating
risks associated with climate change and disease outbreaks.
Promote Policy Frameworks: Encourage the development and
implementation of policies that support sustainable
aquaculture practices. Such policies should focus on
environmental protection, economic incentives for sustainable
practices, and support for research initiatives.

By adopting these recommendations, the aquaculture industry can
move towards a more sustainable and economically viable future,
contributing to global food security and environmental
conservation.

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