Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, vol. 1 (1), pp. 01–07, 2023
Received 20 Oct 2023 / published 04 Nov 2023
ISSN: XXXX-XXXX

Distribution of Biochar Technology as an
organic planting medium and optimal
biochar dose for Abelmoschus Esculentus l.
Moench growth and production
Eny Dyah Yuniwati1, Istiyono Kirno Prasetya2, Yekti Sri Rahayu3, Qomarudin4, Imran Arshad5
1. Universitas Wisnuwardhana Malang, Indonesia
2. Universitas Wisnuwardhana Malang, Indonesia
3. Universitas Wisnuwardhana Malang, Indonesia
4. Universitas Wisnuwardhana Malang, Indonesia
5. SAA Technical and Specialized Services Establishment, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
E-mail correspondence to: nieyuniwati@gmail.com

Abstract
Okra is a healthy vegetable and medication. Growing okra on an organic
medium and adding charcoal may boost output. Okra plant growth
metrics and yields will be examined about the organic growing medium
and biochar dose. The study was place in March 2021 at Sekarpuro
Village, Pakis District, Malang Regency. This study employed a factorial
Randomised Block Design (RAK) with two factors: Organic Planting
Media and Biochar dose. Plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands),
number of crop fruits (fruit), fruit weight per plant (grammes), fruit
diameter, length, and bar weight are observation metrics—analysis of
variance using ANOVA and BNT 5% difference test. The study found that
7.5 tons/ha of manure and 10 tons/ha of coconut fibre biochar naturally
increased okra plant growth and output. Fruit and stem weights also
varied with planting medium and charcoal. The finding is that organic
growing medium treatment and biochar dose affect okra plant
development.
Keywords: Biochar Technology; Dissemination; Green Okra; Growth.

Introduction
Okra, scientifically known as Abelmoschus et al., is classified as
a functional vegetable under the botanical family Malvaceae
(Cornelia, 2020; Farooq, 2022; Tyagita, 2021). According to (A.
Singh, 2023), this particular substance offers several health
advantages and supplies essential nutrients to the human body,
including vitamin C, vitamin K, significant folate and fibre levels, and
antioxidants. The composition of young okra fruit may be described
as follows: it contains around 85.70% water, 8.30% protein, 2.05%

fat, and 1.4% carbs and provides 38.9% calories per 100 g (Azeem,
2020; Wirivutthikorn, 2022; Yildiz, 2023). Legumes are
characterised by their high soluble fibre content (Abdillah, 2023),
including pectin and mucilage (Sugara, 2018), constituting around
50% of their overall fibre composition (Adekiya, 2020; Rao, 2020).
This particular fibre composition has many health benefits (Goud,
2022; Zafar, 2021), including the potential to decrease cholesterol
levels and mitigate the likelihood of developing heart disease
(Dapabko, 2021; Nuramalia, 2018).
The remaining portion consists of insoluble fibre, which has the
potential to contribute to the maintenance of many health
problems. The significance of the okra plant lies in its many
advantages and applications (Javid-Naderi, 2023; S. Singh, 2022), as
well as the growing consumer demand for this product (Aboyeji,
2021). Okra is becoming recognised as a nutritionally rich vegetable
with various health benefits.
Okra, a kind of vegetable, provides several health benefits
(Ghazal, 2021). The abundance of nutrients in these substances
makes them highly sought after by many individuals (Adekiya,
2019). Farmers have challenges in increasing the production of
nutritious crops while satisfying the needs of consumers. The need
to meet the demand for a specific item must be carefully managed
to attain the desired production level of that commodity
(Darmayanti, Milshteyn et al., 2023; Sari et al., 2023; E. D. Yuniwati
et al., 2023). One potential approach to enhancing production is the
implementation of several strategies, such as the effective
management of planting medium and the provision of biochar.

© 2023 Yuniwati et al., (s). This is a Creative Commons License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommertial 4.0 International License.

Yuniwati et al. Distribution of Biocar ... Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1 (1), 01-07, 2023
To address the prevailing market demand, it is essential to
enhance the quality and productivity of Abelmoschus esculentus,
often known as okra. This may be achieved by the use of a planting
medium that exhibits a significant degree of fertility and has a
fertiliser composition that is appropriate for the intended purpose
(Hudha et al., 2023; Manasikana et al., 2023; Riono et al., 2023). The
optimal planting substrate may be derived from both organic and
inorganic constituents. Organic components, such as chopped
ferns, compost, humus, sawdust, husk charcoal, and cocopeat, may
be used in soil mixtures. Inorganic components used in soilless
mixes include soil, grit, gravel, and hydrogel wulandari (Anjarwati
et al., 2023; Widodo et al., 2023; Wulandari et al., 2022).

Research methods
The study was carried out on agricultural land located in the
Sekarpuro Village region, specifically inside the Pakis District of the
Malang Regency. The study started in March 2021, using organic
medium (namely, dung) and coconut fibre biochar as the therapy
for the investigation. The organic media used in the study consisted
of three doses: M1 at a rate of 5 tonnes per hectare, M2 at 7.5
tonnes per hectare, and M3 at 10 tonnes per hectare. Additionally,
medium-dosage biochar derived from coconut fibre was included in
the experiment, with three doses: B1 at a rate of 7.5 tonnes per
hectare, B2 at 10 tonnes per hectare, and B3 at 12 tonnes per
hectare. The study used a factorial Randomised Group Design (RAK)
with three replications (Sakhiya, 2020). Plant growth and output
were observed, commencing at the 14-day mark following planting.
The observation parameters used are shown in Figure 1.

The addition of biochar has the potential to enhance the quality
of the planting medium. Biochar is a solid substance often referred
to as charcoal or agri-char (Liang, 2021), produced by subjecting
organic matter to pyrolysis, a process involving the combustion of
such matter in the absence of oxygen, typically at temperatures
ranging from 250 to 500°C (Aryaseta et al., 2023; Darmayanti,
Suyono, et al., 2023). Biochar has shown its efficacy as a soil
amendment, exhibiting the ability to enhance crop productivity,
particularly in soil conditions that are deteriorated or marginal (Hu,
2020; Huang, 2019). The enhancement of soil fertility, including
chemical, physical, and biological aspects, is closely linked to the
augmentation of crop yields. The use of biochar has been shown to
have a substantial impact on enhancing many soil qualities,
including both physical and chemical attributes, as well as
facilitating root absorption. Effective management practices can
enhance fundamental soil properties such as soil organic carbon (C),
soil bulk density, and soil aggregate stability. In addition to this, it
plays a significant role in enhancing soil fertility by promoting the
absorption of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and cation
exchange capacity (Dissanayake, 2020; Naveed, 2020; E. D.
Yuniwati, 2019).

Weight
Centim
eter
(cm)
Gram

Figure 1. Observation parameters used

Figure 1 depicts the use of centimetres (cm) as the unit of
measurement for the characteristics of Plant Height, Fruit
Diameter, and Fruit Length. Additionally, the parameters Number
of leaves (pieces), Number of fruits (fruit), Fruit weight per plant,
and Stem weight are measured in grams. The statistical technique
used to analyse variance was ANOVA (Analysis of Variance),
whereas the BNT 5% test was utilised to assess the variations
between treatments (Rhoads, 2021; Safitri et al., 2023).

Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the
cultivation of Okra, with a predominant focus on planting media.
However, it is worth noting that the commonly employed planting
medium mainly consists of soil blended with certain additives (ElNaggar, 2018; Hariati et al., 2017; Turan, 2019). The distinguishing
factor of this study is the use of biochar to enhance the functionality
of the planting medium. Biochar is employed due to its capacity to
enhance the soil's physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
The incorporation of biochar into the soil has been shown to
enhance the accessibility of the primary cation, phosphorus (P), as
well as the concentration of nitrogen (N) (El-Naggar, 2019;
Muddarisna et al., 2021; W. et al. D. Yuniwati et al., 2012). The
levels of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil pH have the
potential to exhibit a maximum rise of 40%. The use of biochar has
been shown to have a positive impact on soil conditions and plant
productivity, particularly in the case of soils with lower fertility
levels. According to (Fitriana et al., 2020; Saifullah, 2018), the
capacity of biochar to retain water and nutrients in the soil plays a
crucial role in mitigating fertiliser loss caused by surface erosion
(runoff) and leaching. This property of biochar not only leads to
savings in fertiliser use but also contributes to reducing residual
fertiliser pollution in the surrounding environment.

Results and Discussion
Growth Parameter Response
Plant height
The observed augmentation in plant height was achieved using
organic soil medium and the introduction of coconut fibre biochar,
administered at the start of okra plant cultivation. The growth of
the plants began at the start of the growth period, precisely 14 days
after the planting event. Subsequently, a consistent and
noteworthy development pattern was seen until the plants reached
an age of 56 days after planting. During this period, the plants
exhibited robust growth and healthy morphology. According to the
observed morphology, there is a noticeable growth in plant height
starting from 21 days after seedling transplantation (HST). This
growth is characterised by taller stems and a proportional increase
in the number of leaves, as indicated by the plant height
measurements. This trend is observed in both the organic soil
media treatment and the biochar treatment. Notably, the M2 B2
and M3B2 treatments exhibit particularly significant growth, as
illustrated in Table 1.

Hence, the objective of this study is to examine the impact of
organic planting medium and biochar dosage on the growth
parameters and yield of okra, specifically about the interaction
between planting media treatment and biochar dosage.

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Yuniwati et al. Distribution of Biocar ... Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1 (1), 01-07, 2023
Table 1 shows the okra plant height effects of organic planting material and biochar dose.
Plant height (cm) at age

Treatment
combination

14 hst

21

28 hst

M 1B 0

13.06 a

18.52 ab

28.46 a

M 1B 1

14.44 cds

19.64 BC

30.43 BC

M 1B 2

13.83 abc

18.24 a

30.02 abc

M 1B 3

13.78 abc

18.45 ab

31.56 c

M 2B 0

14.06 BC

19.14 b

29.91 ab

M 2B 1

14.00 abc

19.75 BC

30.37 BC

M 2B 2

15.61 e

20.35 c

34.42 d

M 2B 3

15.39 d

20.67 cds

35.12 d

M 3B 0

14.22 BC

19.23 b

30.01 abc

M 3B 1

13.33 ab

18.35 ab

30.26 BC

M 3B 2

13.44 abc

18.45 ab

30.64 BC

M 3B 3

14.44 cds

19.65 BC

30.69 BC

BNT 5%

0.997

1,234

1,594

35

42

49

56

37.52 a

45.14 a

53.23 a

63.24 a

39.32 BC

47.23 b

55.35 b

65.34 b

39.45 BC

47.45 BC

55.63 b

65.65 BC

40.65 c

48.78

56.32 bc

66.31 c

38.85 ab

46.65 ab

54.54 ab

65.31 b

39.65 ab

47.23 BC

55.63 bc

66.52 c
69.62 d

43.74 d

49.45 c

58.74 c

44.54 e

50.65 d

59.85 cds

70.85 e

39.21 b

47.85 BC

55.36 b

66.96 BC

38.45 ab

46.96 ab

54.65 ab

65.65 b

38.36 ab

46.65 ab

54.32 ab

65.41 b

39.21 b

47.78 BC

55.41 b

66.85 bc

1,764

1,354

1,236

1,156

Columns with identical numbers The BNT test indicated no significant difference with a significance level of -5%.

Number of Leaves
The data collected from the observations of okra plant height
revealed a noteworthy correlation with the number of leaves,
indicating substantial growth throughout several observation
periods ranging from 14 to 56 days after planting. Each of the
organic medium treatments (M1, M2, and M3) exhibited
favourable leaf growth, with a range of 3 to 7 leaves. In the case of
organic media, namely manure, when applying a dosage of M1 at a
rate of 5 tonnes per hectare, a higher leaf count is seen in
comparison to treatments M2 (applied at a rate of 7.5 tonnes per
hectare) and M3 (applied at a rate of 10 tonnes per hectare). In the
context of biochar treatment derived from corn cobs, it was seen
that the application of B1 (7.5 tons/ha), B2 (10 tons/ha), and B3 (12
tons/ha) resulted in significant enhancements in leaf growth,
except the control treatment, B0. Additional information will be
provided in the subsequent graph.

of 3-4 per each okra plant. The use of organic soil media, namely
cow dung, together with the incorporation of biochar, has been
seen to have a beneficial impact on the generative growth of okra
fruit, resulting in an increased yield of fruits. Table 3 presents the
average number of fruits influenced by different types of planting
media and biochar dosage at various observation ages.
Table 3 shows the average number of fruits affected by planting material
and biochar dose at different observation ages.
Treatment Combination
M 1B 0
M 1B 1
M 1B 2
M 1B 3
M 2B 0
M 2B 1
M 2B 2
M 2B 3
M 3B 0
M 3B 1

Number of Fruits (fruit)
3.22 c
3.22 c
3.11 BC
3.00 BC
2.33 b
2.33 b
3.11 BC
2.44 b
2.00 ab
1.67 a

M 3B 2

3.78 d

M 3B 3
BNT 5%

3.89 d
1.02

The presence of identical numbers inside a column indicates no
statistically significant difference, as determined by the BNT test at
a significance level of 5%. The notation "tn" denotes that the values
are not substantially different according to the BNT test at the 5%
level.
The topic of discussion pertains to the measurement of the mass of
fruits.

Figure 2. The average number of leaves (strands) depends on the
planting media and biochar dosage.

The weight of okra fruit was measured in a study examining the
effects of several treatments on organic planting media (namely,
manure) and biochar dosage. The treatment that yielded the
highest weight was M2B3, which included using organic planting
media at a rate of 7.5 tonnes per hectare and a biochar dosage of
12 tonnes per hectare. The average weight of the okra fruit in this
treatment was 40 grammes per fruit. The average weight of this
fruit is subject to the effect of generative developmental variables,
such as the presence of minerals like potassium and phosphate,
which can augment the fruit's weight. The following text provides a
comprehensive account of the mean fruit weight of okra plants
across several experimental conditions.

Based on the visual representation provided, it is evident that
the highest leaf count was observed in the M1 treatment after 28
days of planting, the M2 treatment after 56 days of planting, and
the M3 treatment after 28 days of planting. Conversely, the biochar
treatments B1, B2, and B3 exhibited an average leaf count at
observation ages of 28 and 49 days. At 56 hours after the start of
the experiment, there was an observed rise in the number of leaves.
However, it is essential to note that the treatment without biochar
(B0) still exhibited a higher leaf count.
The Quantity of fruits
A notable disparity is seen in the quantity of okra fruit upon
observation. The use of organic media treatment, namely cow
dung, in conjunction with biochar, had a favourable impact on the
augmentation of the mean quantity of okra fruit. The optimal
pairing consists of M3B2 and M3B3, exhibiting an average fruit yield

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Yuniwati et al. Distribution of Biocar ... Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1 (1), 01-07, 2023
Fruits Diameter
The measurement of the width of a fruit, often referred to as
fruit diameter, is a significant parameter in fruit morphology
analysis. Upon examination of the mean diameter of okra fruit, it
was observed that the treatments exhibited considerable variations
in organic growth conditions. However, no significant differences
were seen in the biochar dosage treatment. The treatment that had
the most significant impact on fruit diameter was the M2
treatment, namely the use of organic planting material (manure) at
a rate of 7.5 tonnes per hectare. In contrast, applying biochar at
several doses did not provide a statistically significant increase in
the diameter of the okra fruit.

Figure 3. Average Fruit Weight Influence of Types of
Planting Media and Biochar Dosage

Table 5. Average Fruit Diameter (cm) Influence of Types of Planting Media and Biochar Dosage .
Treatment
Types of Planting Media
M1
M2
M3
BNT 5%
Biochar Dosage
B0
B1
B2
B3
BNT 5%

Fruit Diameter
1, 51 ab
1, 61 b
1, 45 a
0.120 _
1, 56
1, 50
1, 54
1, 50
Mr

Information: The exact numbers in a column the same thing shows that it is not significantly different according to the BNT test
at the 5% level; tn = not significantly different in the BNT test at the 5% level

Fruits Lenght

(specifically cow dung) treatment M2, applied at a rate of 7.5 tons
per hectare, resulted in an observed okra fruit diameter of 10.37
cm. In contrast, applying biochar at varying doses did not yield
significant variations; however, it did elicit discernible effects on
fruit growth indices.

The average length of okra fruit was unaffected by the
interaction between treatment with organic planting media (cow
dung) and biochar dosage. The effect of organic planting media

Table 6. Average Fruit Length (cm) Influence of Types of Planting Media and Biochar Dosage
Treatment
Fruit Length (cm)
Types of Planting Media
M1

10, 19b

M2

10, 37b

M3

9, 09a

BNT 5%

1, 087

Biochar Dosage
B0

10.06

B1

9.04

B2

10.33

B3

10,10

BNT 5%

Mr

Information: The exact numbers in a column the same thing shows that it is not significantly different according to the BNT test at the 5%
level; tn = not significantly different in the BNT test at the 5% level

Bar Weight
The assessment of plant biomass, namely the weight of Okra
stems, provides a comprehensive indication of the response of the
overall growth parameter. The experimental groups for the
treatment of okra plants, which exhibited a favourable growth
response, were designated as M2BO (14.75 kg), M1B2 (14.00 kg),
M1BO (12.00 kg), and M2B2 (14.00 kg). This finding demonstrates
that the concurrent application of organic soil media, specifically
cow manure, with varying doses of biochar can result in a significant
increase in the biomass of okra plant stems. Additional information
will be provided in the subsequent graph.

Figure 4. Average Stem Weight Influence of Types of Planting Media
and Biochar Dosage

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Yuniwati et al. Distribution of Biocar ... Assyfa Journal of Farming and Agriculture, 1 (1), 01-07, 2023
Plant production
characteristics

biochar

and

organic

planting

medium

can be visually represented in the accompanying image. One
notable observation is that the organic carbon concentration in
biochar is significantly higher compared to that found in organic
growth media, with a ratio of 50.26:6.35. Similarly, the carbon-tonitrogen (C/N) ratio content is reported as 40.23 to 10.89. In
addition, it should be noted that biochar exhibits increased water
content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) compared to organic
growth media. The remaining components of the two interventions
exhibit a high degree of similarity in terms of their content.

This study explores the distinguishing features of organic
planting media and biochar and their impact on plant production.
In this study, the impact of organic planting media, specifically
cow manure, and the dosage of coconut fibre biochar were
investigated. Before experimenting, laboratory observations were
conducted to ascertain the composition of each specimen, which

Figure 5. Characteristics of organic planting media (cow manure) and coconut fiber biochar during
the experiment

The present discourse aims to engage in a discussion on the given
topic.

According to the assertion made by Nadira et al. (2009), the growth
of plant genetics will experience a significant acceleration
whenever there is an ample supply of phosphorus (P) and
potassium (K) components in the soil medium, together with the
presence of organic fertilisers.

The reported research findings in Table 1 display the data on
plant height, indicating considerable variations resulting from the
combination of organic planting media treatment and biochar
dosage. The observed phenomenon can be attributed to the
interplay between the organic planting medium, specifically cow
dung, and the dosage of biochar, specifically coconut fibre. The
respective dosages utilised were 7.5 tons per hectare and 10 tons
per hectare. The observed phenomenon of natural interaction can
be attributed to the efficacy of administering biochar at the onset
of planting on organic planting media, as it is a supplementary
source of nutrients. This is because the biochar provided acts as a
collection of soil amendments accessible to plants (Premarathna,
2019; Zheng, 2018).

The planting media treatment consisting of a combination of
sand and coconut powder yielded the least favourable outcomes
regarding okra fruit weight. The porous nature of the planting
medium composition results in significant soil porosity, leading to
limited water retention capacity within the media. The limited
availability of water for plant requirements significantly impacts
both plant development and yield, hence resulting in relatively
diminished outcomes in terms of observed plant growth and yield.
Incorporating litter compost into the soil as a planting media
treatment results in a notable increase in porosity due to the
favourable aeration and drainage conditions it provides. In contrast
to planting material mixed with manure, the nutritional content of
the planting media is comparatively diminished. Consequently, the
mean observation outcomes exhibit a decrease as well.

Similarly, the organic planting media supplied exhibits elevated
concentrations of organic matter. According to the findings of a
prior study conducted by (Wang, 2019), it was observed that
intercropping cassava and maise using manure and biochar as
planting media resulted in the presence of substantial quantities of
organic carbon and nutrients that are readily accessible to plants.
The planting media's composition facilitates water retention
(Blaauw, 2014; Grossnickle, 2005; Zain et al., 2023), ensuring a
constant supply for the plant's requirements. The incorporation of
manure into the planting media serves to enhance the soil structure
of the medium while supplying several essential nutrients required
by plants. The enhanced availability of nutrients for absorption and
use in plant growth fosters a more favourable manifestation of
plants compared to other treatments. Biochar at a rate of 7.5-10
tons per hectare has been found to enhance the cation exchange
capacity and water-holding capacity of the planting substrate.
Essential nutrients facilitate optimal plant growth and
development, enough water supply, well-aerated conditions, and
adequate drainage within the growing media.

The magnitude of plant growth has a significant role in
determining the magnitude of agricultural output in terms of
harvest. Plants that exhibit robust leaf morphology, characterised
by thick and broad leaves, tend to possess enhanced
photosynthetic efficiency due to the more excellent anatomical
coverage of their photosynthetic organs. Hence, variations in the
type of the planting substrate and the quantity of coconut fibre
biochar significantly impact the magnitude of plant development,
thereby exerting a substantial influence on the crop's production
(Bashan, 2002; Rymanowicz et al., 2020; E. D. Yuniwati, 2018).
Plants incorporated inside a composite medium consisting of
soil, sand, and manure exhibit a heightened efficacy in conducting
photosynthesis. This can be attributed to the substantial quantity
of leaves present, which therefore augments the photosynthetic
surface area, thereby facilitating an enhanced production of
photosynthesis. The surplus photosynthate utilised during the
growth phase is kept within the plant's storage organs, specifically
in the fruit. According to (Handayani et al., 2023), there exists a
positive correlation between the amount of photosynthate
generated and the resulting plant yield. Conversely, a decrease in
photosynthate production is associated with decreased plant yield.

The highest average data was acquired by observing the
number of stems in organic planting media, specifically cow dung,
mixed with biochar derived from coconut fibre. This combination
was applied at 7.5-10 tons per hectare. The utilisation of a planting
medium composed of a blend of soil, sand, and manure has been
found to facilitate optimal plant growth. This combination creates
a conducive environment for the generative growth of stems and
fruit, resulting in significant improvements in plant development.

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Conclusion
The findings derived from this study can be summarised as
follows: The growth response and yield of okra plants, particularly
in plant height, fruit weight, and stem weight, are influenced by the
combination of planting media and dosage of biochar. The
observed outcome can be attributed to the successful combination
of organic planting media, specifically the application of 7.5
tons/ha of manure and biochar and the utilisation of coconut fibre
media at 10 tons/ha. The planting medium consisting of a
combination of cow dung and biochar at a rate of 7.5-10 tons per
hectare resulted in the maximum weight of okra fruit. Using
organic growing media treatment in conjunction with varying
biochar dosages demonstrates a significant efficacy in providing
essential nutrients to okra plants. The growth response of okra
exhibits a propensity for achieving high yields.

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